I-310 yensimbi engenastainless ityhubhu yetyhubhu yecandelo lemichiza, isiphumo seziphene zoMphezulu kwi-Oli-Hardened Steel Wire kuBomi boKukhathala kweMithombo yeValve kwiiNjini zeMoto.

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Intsimbi engatyiwayo 310 iityhubhu ezibhijelweyo / iityhubhu ezibhijelweyoUkuqulunqwa kwemichizakunye nokwakheka

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zebakala 310S intsimbi engatyiwayo.

10 * 1mm 9.25 * 1.24 mm 310 intsimbi engatyiwayo capillary coiled ababoneleli ityhubhu

Iipropati Zomzimba

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zebakala 310S zensimbi ezingenasici ziboniswa kwitheyibhile elandelayo.

IiPropati zoomatshini

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ichaza iipropathi zoomatshini zebakala lama-310S ensimbi engenasici.

Iipropati zoThermal

Iimpawu ze-thermal zebakala 310S zensimbi ezingenasici zinikezelwa kwitheyibhile elandelayo.

Ezinye izibizo

Ezinye izibizo ezilingana nebakala 310S intsimbi engatyiwayo zidweliswe kolu luhlu lulandelayo.

Injongo yolu phononongo kukuvavanya ubomi bokudinwa kwe-valve spring ye-injini yemoto xa usebenzisa i-microdefects kwi-oil-hardened wire ye-2300 MPa grade (i-OT wire) enobunzulu obunobunzima obuyi-2.5 mm ububanzi.Okokuqala, ukuguqulwa kweziphene zomphezulu wocingo lwe-OT ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-valve spring yafunyanwa ngokuhlalutya kwezinto ezinqamlekileyo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokulinganisa, kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwentwasahlobo egqityiweyo yalinganiswa kwaye yasetyenziswa kwimodeli yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwasentwasahlobo.Okwesibini, hlalutya amandla entwasahlobo ye-valve, jonga uxinzelelo oluseleyo, kwaye uthelekise inqanaba loxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo kunye nokungafezeki komphezulu.Okwesithathu, impembelelo ye-microdefects kubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo yavavanywa ngokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo kwiziphene zomhlaba ezifunyenwe kuhlalutyo lwamandla entwasahlobo ukuya kwii-curves ze-SN ezifunyenwe kuvavanyo lokudinwa kwe-flexural ngexesha lokujikeleza kwe-OT yocingo.Ubunzulu besiphako obungama-40 µm ngumgangatho wangoku wokulawula iziphene ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ubomi bokudinwa.
Umzi-mveliso weemoto unemfuno eyomeleleyo yezixhobo zemoto ezikhaphukhaphu ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha ezithuthi.Ke, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ephezulu yamandla aphezulu (AHSS) kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Imithombo yevalvu ye-injini yemoto ikakhulu ibandakanya ukumelana nobushushu, i-oyile-resistant-resistant kunye neengcingo zentsimbi eziqinisiweyo ezingahexayo (iingcingo ze-OT).
Ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu (1900-2100 MPa), iingcingo ze-OT ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zenza kube lula ukunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nobunzima bemithombo yevalvu ye-injini, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha ngokunciphisa ukukhuhlana kunye namalungu ajikelezileyo1.Ngenxa yolu ncedo, ukusetyenziswa kwentambo yocingo oluphezulu lukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye i-ultra-high-high-strength wire rod ye-2300MPa iklasi ibonakala enye emva kwenye.Imithombo yeValve kwiinjini zeemoto zifuna ubomi obude benkonzo kuba zisebenza phantsi kwemithwalo ephezulu yebhayisikile.Ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko, abavelisi bahlala bejonga ubomi bokudinwa obungaphezulu kwe-5.5 × 107 imijikelo xa kuyilwa imithombo yevalvu kwaye bafake uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kumphezulu wemithombo yevalve ngokukroba kunye neenkqubo zokuncipha kobushushu ukuphucula impilo yokudinwa2.
Kukho izifundo ezimbalwa malunga nobomi bokudinwa kwemithombo ye-helical kwizithuthi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza.Gzal et al.Uhlalutyo, uvavanyo kunye ne-finite element (FE) uhlalutyo lwemithombo ye-elliptical helical ene-angles encinci ye-helix phantsi komthwalo we-static zinikezelwa.Olu phononongo lubonelela ngenkcazo ecacileyo nelula yendawo yoxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-shear ngokuchasene ne-aspect ratio kunye nokuqina kwesalathiso, kwaye ikwabonelela ngengqiqo yohlalutyo kuxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-chear, ipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu kuyilo olusebenzayo3.Pastorcic et al.Iziphumo zohlalutyo lokutshabalalisa kunye nokukhathala kwe-helical spring ekhutshwe kwimoto yangasese emva kokungaphumeleli ekusebenzeni kuchazwe.Ukusebenzisa iindlela zokulinga, intwasahlobo eyaphukileyo yavavanywa kwaye iziphumo zibonisa ukuba lo ngumzekelo wokungaphumeleli kokubola kwe-corrosion4.umngxuma, njl.njl. Iimodeli ezininzi zobomi bentwasa hlobo ziphuhlisiwe ukuvavanya ubomi bokudinwa kwemithombo ye-helical spring.Putra nabanye.Ngenxa yokungalingani kwendawo yendlela, ubomi benkonzo ye-helical spring yemoto inqunywe.Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluncinci lwenziwe malunga nendlela iziphene ezingaphezulu ezenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa ezichaphazela ubomi bemithombo ye-coil yemoto.
Iziphene zobuso ezenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa zinokukhokelela kuxinzelelo lwasekhaya kwimithombo ye-valve, enciphisa kakhulu ubomi babo bokudinwa.Iziphene zomphezulu wemithombo yevalvu zibangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neziphene zomphezulu wemathiriyeli ekrwada esetyenzisiweyo, iziphene kwizixhobo, ukuphatha rhabaxa ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo7.Iziphene ezingaphezulu kwezinto eziluhlaza zinobume obuno-V ngenxa ye-hot rolling kunye ne-multi-pass drawing, ngelixa iziphene ezibangelwa isixhobo sokwenza kunye nokuphathwa ngokungakhathali ku-U-shaped kunye nemithambeka ethambileyo8,9,10,11.Iziphene ezimile okwe-V zibangela uxinzelelo oluphezulu kuneziphene ezimilise u-U, ngoko ke imigaqo engqongqo yolawulo lwesiphene idla ngokusetyenziswa kwizinto zokuqala.
Imigangatho yangoku yolawulo lwesiphene kumphezulu weengcingo ze-OT iquka i-ASTM A877/A877M-10, i-DIN EN 10270-2, i-JIS G 3561, kunye ne-KS D 3580. I-DIN EN 10270-2 ichaza ukuba ubunzulu besiphene somphezulu kwiidamitha ze-0.5– I-10 mm ingaphantsi kwe-0.5-1% ye-diameter yocingo.Ukongeza, i-JIS G 3561 kunye ne-KS D 3580 zifuna ukuba ubunzulu beziphene zomhlaba kwintonga yocingo kunye nobubanzi be-0.5-8 mm bube ngaphantsi kwe-0.5% ye-diameter yocingo.Kwi-ASTM A877/A877M-10, umenzi kunye nomthengi kufuneka bavumelane ngobunzulu obuvumelekileyo beziphene zomhlaba.Ukulinganisa ubunzulu besiphako kumphezulu wocingo, ucingo luhlala lufakwe nge-hydrochloric acid, kwaye ke ubunzulu besiphako bulinganiswa usebenzisa i-micrometer.Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inokulinganisa kuphela iziphene kwiindawo ezithile kwaye kungekhona kuwo wonke umphezulu wemveliso yokugqibela.Ke ngoko, abavelisi basebenzisa uvavanyo lwangoku lwe-eddy ngexesha lenkqubo yokudweba ucingo ukulinganisa iziphene zomhlaba kwi-wire eveliswa ngokuqhubekayo;olu mvavanyo lunokulinganisa ubunzulu beziphene zomhlaba ukuya kutsho kuma-40 µm.Ucingo lwentsimbi lomgangatho wama-2300MPa oluphantsi kophuhliso lunamandla aphezulu okuqina kunye nobude obuphantsi kunocingo lwentsimbi olukhoyo lwenqanaba le-1900-2200MPa, ngoko ke ubomi bokudinwa kwevalve yasentwasahlobo bubonwa njengobunobuzaza kwiziphene zomhlaba.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukujonga ukhuseleko lokusebenzisa imigangatho ekhoyo yokulawula ubunzulu bokukhubazeka komhlaba kwi-steel wire grade 1900-2200 MPa kwi-steel wire grade 2300 MPa.
Injongo yolu phononongo kukuvavanya ubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo yevalve yemoto xa ubunzulu besiphako buncinci bunokulinganiswa ngovavanyo lwangoku lwe-eddy (okt. 40 µm) lugalelwa kwi-2300 MPa yocingo lwe-OT yebakala (ububanzi: 2.5 mm): isiphene esibalulekileyo ubunzulu .Igalelo kunye nendlela yolu phando lulandelayo.
Njengoko i-defect yokuqala kwi-OT wire, i-defect e-V-shaped isetyenziswe, echaphazela kakhulu ubomi bokudinwa, kwindlela enqamlezileyo malunga ne-axis yocingo.Qwalasela umlinganiselo wemilinganiselo (α) kunye nobude (β) besiphene somphezulu ukubona isiphumo sobunzulu baso (h), ububanzi (w), nobude (l).Iziphene zobuso zenzeka ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo, apho ukusilela kwenzeka kuqala.
Ukuqikelela ukuguqulwa kweziphene zokuqala kwi-OT wire ngexesha lomoya obandayo, indlela yokulinganisa i-sub-simulation isetyenzisiwe, ethathela ingqalelo ixesha lokuhlalutya kunye nobukhulu beengxaki zomhlaba, ekubeni iziphene zincinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nocingo lwe-OT.imodeli yehlabathi.
Uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo olucinezelayo entlakohlaza emva kokukroba okuphindwe kabini kwabalwa ngokwendlela yento ephelelisiweyo, iziphumo zithelekiswe nemilinganiselo emva kokudubula kokukroba ukuqinisekisa imodeli yohlalutyo.Ukongeza, uxinezeleko olushiyekileyo kwimithombo yevalvu evela kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwemveliso yalinganiswa kwaye yasetyenziswa kuhlalutyo lwamandla entwasahlobo.
Uxinzelelo kwiziphene zomhlaba luqikelelwa ngokuhlalutya amandla entwasahlobo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuguqulwa kwesiphene ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo loxinzelelo entwasahlobo egqityiweyo.
Uvavanyo lokukhathala olujikelezayo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ucingo lwe-OT olwenziwe kwizinto ezifanayo kunye ne-valve spring.Ukwenzela ukunxibelelanisa intsalela yoxinzelelo kunye neempawu zoburhabaxa bomphezulu wemithombo yevalve eyenziweyo kwimigca ye-OT, iijika ze-SN zifunyenwe ngokujikeleza iimvavanyo zokudinwa ezigobayo emva kokufaka inqanaba lokudutyulwa lokukroba kunye ne-torsion njengeenkqubo zonyango lwangaphambili.
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwamandla entwasahlobo zisetyenziswa kwi-equation ye-Goodman kunye ne-SN curve ukuqikelela ubomi bokudinwa kwe-valve entwasahlobo, kunye nesiphumo sobunzulu besiphako somphezulu kubomi bokudinwa kwakhona kuyavavanywa.
Kolu phononongo, ucingo lwebanga le-2300 MPa OT olunobubanzi obuyi-2.5 mm lusetyenziselwe ukuvavanya ubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo yevalve yemoto.Okokuqala, uvavanyo lwe-tensile yocingo lwenziwa ukufumana imodeli yayo ye-ductile fracture.
Iipropati zomatshini zocingo lwe-OT zifunyenwe kuvavanyo lwe-tensile phambi kohlalutyo olulinganiselweyo lwenkqubo yokujika ebandayo kunye namandla entwasahlobo.I-stress-strain curve yezinto eziphathekayo inqunywe ngokusebenzisa iziphumo zeemvavanyo ze-tensile kwizinga loxinzelelo lwe-0.001 s-1, njengoko kuboniswe kumkhiwane.1. I-SWONB-V wire isetyenzisiwe, kwaye amandla ayo esivuno, amandla okuqina, i-elastic modulus kunye ne-Poisson's ratio yi-2001.2MPa, 2316MPa, 206GPa kunye ne-0.3 ngokulandelelana.Ukuxhomekeka koxinzelelo kuxinzelelo lokuhamba kufunyanwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Irayisi.I-2 ibonisa inkqubo ye-ductile fracture.Izinto eziphathekayo zihamba nge-elastoplastic deformation ngexesha lokuguqulwa, kwaye izinto eziphathekayo ziyancipha xa uxinzelelo kwizinto eziphathekayo lufikelela kumandla alo.Emva koko, indalo, ukukhula kunye nobudlelwane be-voids ngaphakathi kwezinto ezikhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kwezinto.
Imodeli ye-ductile fracture isebenzisa imodeli yokuguqulwa koxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo oluthathela ingqalelo umphumo woxinzelelo, kunye ne-post-necking fracture isebenzisa indlela yokuqokelela umonakalo.Apha, ukuqaliswa komonakalo kubonakaliswa njengomsebenzi woxinzelelo, uxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality, kunye nesantya soxinzelelo.Uxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality luchazwa njengexabiso eliqhelekileyo elifunyenwe ngokuhlula uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic olubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphathekayo ukuya ekubunjweni kwentamo ngoxinzelelo olusebenzayo.Kwindlela yokuqokelela umonakalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenzeka xa ixabiso lomonakalo lifikelela kwi-1, kwaye amandla afunekayo ukufikelela kwixabiso lomonakalo we-1 ichazwa njengamandla okutshatyalaliswa (Gf).Amandla okuqhekeka ahambelana nommandla we-curve yokwenyani yoxinzelelo-ukususwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ukusuka entanyeni ukuya kwixesha lokuphuka.
Kwimeko yeentsimbi eziqhelekileyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwimodi yoxinzelelo, i-ductile fracture, i-shear fracture, okanye i-mixed mode fracture yenzeke ngenxa ye-ductility kunye ne-shear fracture, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 3. ipateni yokwaphuka.
Ukungaphumeleli kweplastiki kwenzeka kummandla ohambelana noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality engaphezulu kwe-1/3 (indawo I), kunye noxinzelelo lwe-fracture kunye ne-triaxiality yoxinzelelo lunokuthi luthathwe kwiimvavanyo ezinqabileyo kwimizekelo eneziphene zomhlaba kunye neenotshi.Kwindawo ehambelana noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality ye-0 ~ 1/3 (zone II), indibaniselwano ye-ductile fracture kunye nokungaphumeleli kwe-shear kwenzeka (oko kukuthi ngovavanyo lwe-torsion. Kwindawo ehambelana noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality ukusuka -1/3 ukuya kwi-0 (III), ukungaphumeleli kwe-shear okubangelwa ukunyanzeliswa, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-fracture kunye noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality lunokufumaneka ngovavanyo oluphazamisayo.
Kwiintambo ze-OT ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemithombo ye-valve ye-injini, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela iifractures ezibangelwa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokulayisha ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa kunye neemeko zesicelo.Ke ngoko, iimvavanyo ze-tensile kunye ne-torsion zenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe inqobo yokungaphumeleli, isiphumo soxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality kwimowudi nganye yoxinzelelo lwaqwalaselwa, kwaye uhlalutyo lwento ye-elastoplastic ephelelisiweyo kwiintlobo ezinkulu zenziwa ukulinganisa utshintsho kwi-triaxiality yoxinzelelo.Imodi yokunyanzeliswa ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo ngenxa yokunciphisa isampula yokucubungula, oko kukuthi, ububanzi bocingo lwe-OT luyi-2.5 mm kuphela.Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa iimeko zovavanyo lwe-tensile kunye ne-torsion, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality kunye noxinzelelo lwe-fracture, olufunyenwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwezinto ezinomlinganiselo.
Ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo lweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo ze-triaxial phantsi koxinzelelo kunokuqikelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-equation elandelayo.
apho C1: \({\ overline{{\varepsilon}_{0}}}^{pl}\) cut ecocekileyo (η = 0) kunye neC2: \({\ overline{{\varepsilon}_{0} } } }^{pl}\) Uxinzelelo lwe-Uniaxial (η = η0 = 1/3).
Imigca yendlela yendlela yoxinzelelo nganye ifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa amaxabiso oxinzelelo lwe-fracture C1 kunye neC2 kwi-equation.(2);I-C1 kunye ne-C2 zifunyenwe kwiimvavanyo ze-tensile kunye ne-torsion kwiisampuli ngaphandle kweziphene zomhlaba.Umzobo we-4 ubonisa uxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality kunye noxinzelelo lwe-fracture olufunyenwe kwiimvavanyo kunye nemigqaliselo echazwe kwangaphambili yi-equation.(2) Umgca wokuhamba ofunyenwe kuvavanyo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality kunye ne-fracture strain ibonisa indlela efanayo.Uxinzelelo lwe-fracture kunye noxinzelelo lwe-triaxiality kwimodi yoxinzelelo nganye, efunyenwe ekusebenziseni imigca yeendlela, isetyenziswe njengemilinganiselo ye-ductile fracture.
Amandla okuqhawula asetyenziswa njengepropathi yezinto eziphathekayo ukumisela ixesha lokuqhawula emva kwentamo kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimvavanyo ezinqabileyo.Amandla okuqhekeka kuxhomekeke kubukho okanye ukungabikho kweentanda ebusweni bezinto eziphathekayo, ekubeni ixesha lokuphuka lixhomekeke ekugxininiseni uxinzelelo lwendawo.Amanani 5a-c abonisa amandla okuqhekezwa kweesampulu ezingenaziphene zomphezulu kunye neesampulu ezine-R0.4 okanye i-R0.8 inotshi ukusuka kuvavanyo lwe-tensile kunye nohlalutyo lwento enomda.Amandla okuqhekeka ahambelana nendawo yoxinzelelo lokwenyani-lokufuduswa kwejika ukusuka entanyeni ukuya kwixesha lokuphuka.
Amandla okuqhawuka kocingo lwe-OT oluneziphene ezintle zaqikelelwa ngokwenza iimvavanyo ze-tensile kucingo lwe-OT nobunzulu obunesiphene obungaphezulu kwe-40 µm, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso we-5d.Iisampuli ezilishumi ezineziphene zisetyenzisiwe kwiimvavanyo ze-tensile kunye ne-avareji yamandla okuphuka kwaqikelelwa kwi-29.12 mJ / mm2.
Isiphene somgangatho osemgangathweni sichazwa njengomlinganiselo wobunzulu besiphene kwidayamitha yevalve spring wire, nokuba sisiphi na isiphene sejometri yocingo lwe-OT olusetyenziswa ekwenzeni imithombo yevalve yemoto.Iziphene ze-OT zocingo zingahlelwa ngokusekelwe kwi-orientation, ijometri, kunye nobude.Nangona ubunzulu obufanayo besiphako, inqanaba loxinzelelo olusebenza kwisiphene somphezulu entwasahlobo liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwijometri kunye nokuqhelaniswa nesiphene, ngoko ke ijometri kunye nokuqhelaniswa nesiphene kunokuchaphazela amandla okukhathala.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela i-geometry kunye nokuqhelaniswa kweziphene ezinempembelelo enkulu kubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo ukuze kusetyenziswe imigaqo engqongqo yokulawula iziphene zomhlaba.Ngenxa yobume bengqolowa obucokisekileyo bocingo lwe-OT, ubomi bayo bokudinwa bunobuntununtunu kwi-notching.Ke ngoko, isiphene esibonisa olona xinzelelo luphezulu ngokwejometri kunye nokuqhelaniswa nesiphene kufuneka kusekwe njengesiphene sokuqala kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwezinto ezinomda.Kwikhiwane.I-6 ibonisa amandla e-ultra-high 2300 MPa iklasi yemithombo yevalve yemoto esetyenziswe kolu phando.
Iziphene zomphezulu we-OT wire zihlulwe zibe ziziphene zangaphakathi kunye neziphene zangaphandle ngokwe-axis yasentwasahlobo.Ngenxa yokugoba ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo, uxinzelelo olucinezelayo kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo lusebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwentwasahlobo, ngokulandelanayo.Ukwaphuka kunokubangelwa ziziphene zomphezulu ezivela ngaphandle ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwengqondo ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo.
Ngokwesiqhelo, intwasahlobo iphantsi koxinzelelo lwexesha kunye nokuphumla.Ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa kwentwasahlobo, ucingo lwentsimbi luyajika, kwaye ngenxa yokuxinzelela koxinzelelo, uxinzelelo lwe-shear ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo luphezulu kunoxinzelelo lwe-shear ejikelezileyo7.Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho iziphene ezingaphezulu ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo, amathuba okuphuka kwentwasahlobo ngowona mkhulu.Ngaloo ndlela, icala elingaphandle lentwasahlobo (indawo apho ukusilela kulindeleke khona ngexesha lokwenziwa kwentwasahlobo) kunye necala langaphakathi (apho uxinzelelo lukhulu kakhulu kwisicelo sangempela) zibekwe njengeendawo zokukhubazeka komhlaba.
Ijometri yesiphene somphezulu wemigca ye-OT yahlulwe ibe yi-U-shape, i-V-shape, i-Y-shape, kunye ne-T-shape.Uhlobo lwe-Y kunye nohlobo lwe-T lukhona kakhulu kwiziphene zomhlaba wezinto eziluhlaza, kunye nohlobo lwe-U kunye nohlobo lwe-V lwenzeka ngenxa yokuphathwa ngokungakhathali kwezixhobo kwinkqubo yokuqengqeleka ebandayo.Ngokubhekiselele kwijometri yeziphene zomhlaba kwizinto eziluhlaza, iziphene ezimile okwe-U ezivela kwi-deformation yeplastiki engalinganiyo ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okutshisayo zikhubazeke zibe yi-V-shaped, i-Y-shaped kunye ne-T-shaped seam defects under multi-pass stretching8, 10.
Ukongeza, iziphene ezinobumba obungu-V, ubume obungu-Y kunye no-T obunokuthambekela okunyukayo kwenotshi kumphezulu ziya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu ngexesha lokusebenza kwentwasahlobo.Imithombo ye-valve iyagoba ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo kunye nokujija ngexesha lokusebenza.Ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo lweziphene ezimile okwe-V kunye no-Y kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu loxinzelelo luthelekiswe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwezinto ezinomda, i-ABAQUS - isoftware yohlalutyo lwento enomda.Ubudlelwane boxinzelelo loxinzelelo buboniswa kuMzobo 1 kunye ne-Equation 1. (1) Olu faniso lusebenzisa i-2-dimensional (2D) i-rectangular four-node element, kunye nobude obuncinane becala ngu-0.01 mm.Kwimodeli yokuhlalutya, i-V-shaped kunye ne-Y-shaped defects enobunzulu be-0.5 mm kunye ne-slope yesiphene se-2 ° isetyenziswe kwimodeli ye-2D yocingo kunye nobubanzi be-2.5 mm kunye nobude be-7.5 mm.
Kwikhiwane.I-7a ibonisa ukuxinzelela koxinzelelo lokugoba kwincam yesiphene ngasinye xa umzuzu wokugoba we-1500 Nmm usetyenziswa kuzo zombini iziphelo zocingo ngalunye.Iziphumo zohlalutyo zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-1038.7 kunye ne-1025.8 MPa lwenzeka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-V-shaped kunye ne-Y-shaped defects ngokulandelanayo.Kwikhiwane.I-7b ibonisa ukuxinzezeleka koxinzelelo phezulu kwisiphene ngasinye esibangelwa yi-torsion.Xa icala lasekhohlo linyanzeliswa kwaye i-torque ye-1500 N∙mm isetyenziswe kwicala lasekunene, uxinzelelo olufanayo lwe-1099 MPa lwenzeka kwiingcebiso ze-V-shaped kunye ne-Y-shaped defects.Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iziphene zohlobo lwe-V zibonisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokugoba kuneziphene ze-Y xa zinobunzulu obufanayo kunye nokuthambeka kwesiphene, kodwa bafumana uxinzelelo olufanayo.Ke ngoko, iziphene zomhlaba ezinokwakheka kwe-V kunye no-Y ezinobunzulu obufanayo kunye nokuthambeka kwesiphene kunokuhlengahlengiswa ukuya kwi-V enoxinzelelo oluphezulu olubangelwa kukugxininiswa koxinzelelo.Ubungakanani bobungakanani be-V-type defect buchazwa njenge-α = w / h usebenzisa ubunzulu (h) kunye nobubanzi (w) bohlobo lwe-V kunye ne-T-type defects;ngoko, i-T-type defect (α ≈ 0) endaweni yoko, ijometri inokuchazwa ngesakhiwo sejometri ye-V-type defect.Ke ngoko, udidi lwe-Y kunye nohlobo lwe-T lunokuba luqhelekile ngokweziphene zohlobo lwe-V.Ukusebenzisa ubunzulu (h) kunye nobude (l), umlinganiselo wobude buchazwa ngenye indlela njenge-β = l/h.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 811, izikhokelo zeziphene ezingaphezulu kweengcingo ze-OT zihlukaniswe zibe yi-longitudinal, i-transverse kunye ne-oblique imiyalelo, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 811. indlela.
Kwikhiwane.I-9a ibonisa imodeli yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-injini ye-injini yentwasahlobo.Njengemeko yokuhlalutya, intwasahlobo yayixinzelelwe ukusuka ekuphakameni kwamahhala kwe-50.5 mm ukuya kubude obunzima be-21.8 mm, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-1086 MPa lwenziwa ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 9b.Ukusukela ekubeni ukusilela kwemithombo yokwenyani yevalvu ye-injini kwenzeka ikakhulu phakathi kwentlakohlaza, ubukho beziphene zangaphakathi kumphezulu kulindeleke ukuba buchaphazele ubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo.Ngoko ke, iziphene ezingaphezulu kwi-longitudinal, i-transverse kunye ne-oblique ye-oblique isetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwemithombo ye-valve ye-injini usebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa i-sub-modeling.Itheyibhile ye-2 ibonisa imilinganiselo yeziphene zomhlaba kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwicala ngalinye lesiphene kwi-high compression spring compression.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu luye lwabonwa kwicala elinqamlezayo, kwaye umlinganiselo woxinzelelo kwi-longitudinal kunye ne-oblique imiyalelo ukuya kwi-transverse direction kuqikelelwa njenge-0.934-0.996.Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo unokumiselwa ngokwahlula nje eli xabiso ngowona xinzelelo luphezulu olunqamlezileyo.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu entwasahlobo lwenzeka phezulu kwisiphako somhlaba ngamnye, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig.Amaxabiso oxinzelelo ajongwa kwi-longitudinal, transverse, kunye ne-oblique directions yi-2045, 2085, kunye ne-2049 MPa, ngokulandelanayo.Iziphumo zolu hlalutyo zibonisa ukuba iziphene zomphezulu onqamlezileyo zinefuthe elithe ngqo kubomi bokudinwa kwemithombo yevalvu ye-injini.
Isiphene esinemilo engu-V, ekucingelwa ukuba sichaphazela kakhulu ubomi bokudinwa kwentwasahlobo yevalve ye-injini, yakhethwa njengesiphene sokuqala socingo lwe-OT, kwaye ulwalathiso olunqamlezayo lwakhethwa njengolwalathiso lwesiphene.Esi siphene asenzeki ngaphandle kuphela, apho i-injini yevalve spring yaphuka ngexesha lokwenziwa, kodwa nangaphakathi, apho uxinzelelo olukhulu lwenzeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo ngexesha lokusebenza.Obona bukhulu bempazamo bubekwe kwi-40 µm, enokuthi ibonwe ngokubhaqwa kwe-eddy yangoku yesiphene, kwaye ubunzulu obuncinci bubekwe kubunzulu obuhambelana ne-0.1% ye-2.5 mm yocingo lwedayamitha.Ngoko ke, ubunzulu besiphene busuka kwi-2.5 ukuya kwi-40 µm.Ubunzulu, ubude, kunye nobubanzi beziphene ezinomlinganiselo wobude be-0.1 ~ 1 kunye nomlinganiselo wobude be-5 ~ 15 zisetyenziswe njengezinto eziguquguqukayo, kwaye umphumo wabo kumandla okukhathala kwentwasahlobo kwavavanywa.Itheyibhile 3 idwelisa iimeko zokuhlalutya ezigqitywe kusetyenziswa indlela yokuphendula.
Imithombo yevalvu ye-injini yemoto yenziwa ngokujika okubandayo, ukufudumeza, ukudutyulwa kokudubula kunye nokusetwa kobushushu bocingo lwe-OT.Utshintsho kwiziphene zomphezulu ngexesha lokwenziwa kwentwasahlobo kufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo ukuvavanya isiphumo seziphene zomphezulu zokuqala kwiintambo ze-OT kubomi bokudinwa kwemithombo yevalvu ye-injini.Ke ngoko, kweli candelo, uhlalutyo lwento ephelelisiweyo lusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukuguqulwa kweziphene ze-OT zocingo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwentwasahlobo nganye.
Kwikhiwane.I-10 ibonisa inkqubo ebandayo yokujika.Ngethuba le nkqubo, ucingo lwe-OT lutyiswa kwisikhokelo socingo nge-roller feed.Isikhokelo socingo sondla kwaye sixhasa ucingo ukuthintela ukugoba ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza.Ucingo oludlula kwisikhokelo socingo lugotywe ngeentonga zokuqala nezesibini ukwenza i-coil spring kunye ne-diameter efunwayo ngaphakathi.I-pitch yasentwasahlobo iveliswa ngokuhambisa isixhobo sokunyathela emva kwenguqu enye.
Kwikhiwane.I-11a ibonisa imodeli yento enomda esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya utshintsho kwijometri yeziphene zomhlaba ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo.Ukuqulunqwa kocingo kugqitywe ngokugqithiseleyo ngepini ejikelezayo.Ekubeni i-oxide layer ebusweni bocingo isebenza njenge-lubricant, umphumo we-friction we-feed roller awunanto.Ngoko ke, kwimodeli yokubala, i-roller feed kunye nesikhokelo socingo zenziwe lula njenge-bushing.I-coefficient of friction phakathi kwe-OT wire kunye nesixhobo sokwenza i-0.05.I-2D indiza yomzimba eqinile kunye neemeko zokulungiswa zisetyenziselwa ekupheleni kwekhohlo lomgca ukuze utyiswe kwicala le-X ngesantya esifanayo ne-roller feed (0.6 m / s).Kwikhiwane.I-11b ibonisa indlela yokulinganisa i-sub-simulation esetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa iziphene ezincinci kwiingcingo.Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubungakanani beziphene zomphezulu, imodeli engaphantsi isetyenziswa kabini kwiziphene zomhlaba ezinobunzulu obuyi-20 µm okanye ngaphezulu kunye namaxesha amathathu kwiziphene zomhlaba ezinobunzulu obungaphantsi kwe-20 µm.Iziphene zomhlaba zisetyenziselwa kwiindawo ezenziwe ngamanyathelo alinganayo.Kwimodeli epheleleyo yentwasahlobo, ubude becala locingo oluchanekileyo luyi-100 mm.Kwi-submodel yokuqala, sebenzisa i-submodel 1 kunye nobude be-3mm ukuya kwindawo yobude be-75mm ukusuka kwimodeli yehlabathi.Olu linganiso lusebenzise into enomacala amathathu (3D) enehexagonal eneendawo ezisibhozo.Kwimodeli yehlabathi kunye ne-submodel 1, ubude becala obuncinci bento nganye ngu-0.5 kunye no-0.2 mm, ngokulandelanayo.Emva kokuhlalutya imodeli engaphantsi kwe-1, iziphene ezingaphezulu zisetyenziswe kwi-sub-model 2, kwaye ubude kunye nobubanzi be-sub-model 2 ngamaxesha angama-3 ubude besiphako sobuso ukuphelisa impembelelo yeemeko zomda we-sub-model, kwi Ukongeza, i-50% yobude kunye nobubanzi busetyenziswa njengobunzulu bemodeli engaphantsi.Kwi-sub-model 2, ubude becala obuncinane bento nganye yi-0.005 mm.Iziphene ezithile zomphezulu zisetyenzisiwe kucazululo lwento elinganiselweyo njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile yesi-3.
Kwikhiwane.I-12 ibonisa ukusasazwa koxinzelelo kwiintanda zomhlaba emva kokusebenza okubandayo kwekhoyili.Imodeli eqhelekileyo kunye ne-submodel 1 ibonisa phantse iingcinezelo ezifanayo ze-1076 kunye ne-1079 MPa kwindawo enye, eqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwendlela yokulinganisa.Ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo lwengingqi kwenzeka kwimida yemida ye-submodel.Kuyabonakala ukuba, oku kungenxa yeemeko zomda we-submodel.Ngenxa yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo, imodeli engaphantsi kwe-2 eneziphene ezisetyenzisiweyo zibonisa uxinzelelo lwe-2449 MPa kwinqanaba lesiphako ngexesha lokubanda.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 3, iziphene zomhlaba ezichongiweyo yindlela yokuphendula ebusweni zisetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo.Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwezinto ezilinganiselweyo zibonise ukuba akukho nanye kwiimeko ze-13 zeziphene zomhlaba ezingaphumelelanga.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokujija kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobuchwepheshe, ubunzulu beziphene zomhlaba ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo bunyuke nge-0.1-2.62 µm (Fig. 13a), kwaye ububanzi behla nge-1.8-35.79 µm (Fig. 13b), ngelixa ubude bunyuke nge-0.72 -34.47 µm (Umfanekiso 13c).Kuba isiphene esinqamlezileyo esinobume buka-V sivalwe ngobubanzi ngokugoba ngexesha lenkqubo ebandayo yokuqengqeleka, sonakala sibe sisiphene esingu-V esinethambeka elingaphezulu kunesiphene sakuqala.
Ukuguqulwa koBunzulu, Ububanzi kunye nobude be-OT Wire Surface Defects kwiNkqubo yokuVelisa.
Faka iziphene zomhlaba ngaphandle kwentwasahlobo kwaye uqikelele ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphuka ngexesha lokubanda usebenzisa i-Finite Element Analysis.Phantsi kwemiqathango edweliswe kwiThebhile.3, akukho nokwenzeka kokutshatyalaliswa kweziphene kwindawo yangaphandle.Ngamanye amazwi, akukho ntshabalalo yenzekileyo kubunzulu beziphene zomphezulu ukusuka kwi-2.5 ukuya kwi-40 µm.
Ukuqikelela iziphene ezibaluleke kakhulu kumphezulu, iintanda zangaphandle ngexesha lokuqengqeleka okubandayo zaphandwa ngokunyusa ubunzulu besiphako ukusuka kwi-40 µm ukuya kwi-5 µm.Kwikhiwane.I-14 ibonisa iifractures ecaleni kweziphene ezingaphezulu.Ukwaphuka kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zobunzulu (55 µm), ububanzi (2 µm), kunye nobude (733 µm).Ubunzulu obubalulekileyo besiphene somphezulu ngaphandle kwentwasahlobo bujike baba ngama-55 μm.
Inkqubo ye-shot peening icinezela ukukhula kwe-crack kwaye yandisa ubomi bokudinwa ngokudala uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo loxinzelelo kubunzulu obuthile ukusuka kumphezulu wentwasahlobo;nangona kunjalo, ibangela uxinzelelo loxinzelelo ngokunyusa uburhabaxa bomphezulu bentwasahlobo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukuxhathisa kokukhathala kwentwasahlobo.Ke ngoko, itekhnoloji yokukroba okwesibini isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imithombo yamandla aphezulu ukuhlawulela ukucutheka kobomi bokudinwa okubangelwa kukwanda koburhabaxa bomphezulu obubangelwa kukuchama.Ukukroba okunezigaba ezibini kunokuphucula uburhabaxa bomphezulu, ubuninzi boxinzelelo lwentsalela ecinezelayo, kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo olucinezelayo ngenxa yokuba ukudubula kwesibini kwenziwa emva kokukroba kokuqala12,13,14.
Kwikhiwane.I-15 ibonisa imodeli yohlalutyo lwenkqubo yokuqhushumba.Imodeli ye-elastic-plastiki yenziwe apho iibhola ezingama-25 zaphoswa kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo kumgca we-OT ukuze kuqhunyiswe udubulo.Kwimodeli yokuphonononga ukudubula kokudubula, iziphene zomphezulu wocingo lwe-OT onakele ngexesha lokujika okubandayo zisetyenziswe njengeziphene zokuqala.Ukususwa koxinzelelo olushiyekileyo oluvela kwinkqubo ebandayo yokuqengqeleka ngokufudumeza ngaphambi kwenkqubo yokuqhushumba.Ezi mpawu zilandelayo ze-shot sphere zisetyenzisiwe: ubuninzi (ρ): 7800 kg/m3, imodyuli elastiki (E) – 210 GPa, umlinganiselo wePoisson (υ): 0.3.I-coefficient of friction phakathi kwebhola kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zimiselwe kwi-0.1.Izibhamu ezinobubanzi be-0.6 kunye ne-0.3 mm zikhutshwe ngesantya esifanayo se-30 m / s ngexesha lokuqala kunye nesibini lokupasa.Emva kwenkqubo yokudubula kokudubula (phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo zokuvelisa eziboniswe kuMfanekiso we-13), ubunzulu, ububanzi, kunye nobude beziphene zomhlaba phakathi kwentwasahlobo zisusela ku -6.79 ukuya kwi-0.28 µm, -4.24 ukuya kwi-1.22 µm, kunye -2 .59 ukuya kwi-1.69 µm, ngokulandelelana µm.Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kweplastiki yeprojekti ekhutshwe nge-perpendicular ebusweni bezinto eziphathekayo, ubunzulu besiphako buyancipha, ngokukodwa, ububanzi besiphene buyancipha kakhulu.Kuyabonakala ukuba, isiphene savalwa ngenxa yokonakala kweplastiki okubangelwa kukuchama.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuncipha kobushushu, iziphumo zokushwabana okubandayo kunye nokuncinwa kobushushu obuphantsi kunokusebenza kwimithombo yevalvu ye-injini ngaxeshanye.Indawo ebandayo yongeza inqanaba loxinzelelo lwentwasahlobo ngokuyicinezela ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu elinokwenzeka kwiqondo lokushisa.Kule meko, ukuba i-injini yevalve entwasahlobo ilayishwe ngaphezu kwamandla emveliso yezinto, i-injini yevalve yasentwasahlobo ikhubaza ngokweplastiki, inyusa amandla esivuno.Emva kokuguqulwa kweplastiki, i-valve spring iguquguquka, kodwa ukonyuka kwamandla esivuno kunika ukuqina kwe-valve spring ekusebenzeni okwenyani.Ukushisa okuphantsi kwe-annealing kuphucula ubushushu kunye nokumelana nokuguqulwa kwemithombo yevalvu esebenza kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu2.
Iziphene zobuso ezikhubazekileyo ngexesha lokudubula kokudubula kuhlalutyo lwe-FE kunye nentsimi yoxinzelelo oluseleyo olulinganiswe nezixhobo ze-X-ray diffraction (XRD) zisetyenziswe kwi-sub-model 2 (umzobo 8) ukuphazamisa utshintsho kwiziphene ngexesha lokunciphisa ukushisa.Intwasahlobo yayilungiselelwe ukuba isebenze kwi-elastic range kwaye yaxinzelelwa ukusuka ekuphakameni kwayo okukhululekile kwe-50.5 mm ukuya kubude bayo obuqinileyo obuyi-21.8 mm kwaye yavunyelwa ukuba ibuyele kubude bayo bokuqala be-50.5 mm njengemeko yohlalutyo.Ngexesha lokunciphisa ukushisa, ijometri yesiphene iguquka ngokungabalulekanga.Kuyabonakala ukuba, uxinezeleko olushiyekileyo lwe-800 MPa nangaphezulu, oludalwe ngokuqhushumba kwembumbulu, lucinezela ukonakala kobuso.Emva kokuncipha kobushushu (Umfanekiso we-13), ubunzulu, ububanzi, kunye nobude beziphene zomhlaba zahluka ukusuka ku-0.13 ukuya kwi-0.08 µm, ukusuka ku -0.75 ukuya ku-0 µm, kwaye ukusuka ku-0.01 ukuya kwi-2.4 µm, ngokulandelelanayo.
Kwikhiwane.I-16 ithelekisa iziphene ezimile okwe-U kunye no-V obunzulu obufanayo (40 µm), ububanzi (22 µm) nobude (600 µm).Ukutshintsha kobubanzi be-U-shaped kunye ne-V-shaped defects inkulu kunokutshintsha ubude, okubangelwa ukuvala kububanzi becala ngexesha lokubanda kunye nenkqubo yokudubula.Xa kuthelekiswa neziphene ezimile okwe-U, iziphene ezimile okwe-V zenziwe kubunzulu obuthe kratya kunye namathambeka angaphezulu, okucebisa ukuba indlela yogcino inokuthatyathwa xa kusetyenziswa iziphene ezimilise u-V.
Eli candelo lixoxa ngokuguqulwa kwesiphene sokuqala kumgca we-OT kwinkqubo nganye yokuvelisa i-valve spring.Isiphene sokuqala socingo lwe-OT sisetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwi-valve spring apho ukusilela kulindeleke ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngexesha lokusebenza kwentwasahlobo.Iziphene ezinqamlezileyo ezimile okwe-V kwiingcingo ze-OT zanda kancinane kubunzulu kunye nobude kwaye zehla kabukhali kububanzi ngenxa yokugoba ngexesha lokugoba okubandayo.Ukuvala kwicala lobubanzi kwenzeka ngexesha lokuchama kwembumbulu kunye nesiphene esincinci esibonakalayo ngexesha lokugqibela lokusetha ubushushu.Kwinkqubo yokuqengqeleka okubandayo kunye nokukroba, kukho uguquko olukhulu kwicala lobubanzi ngenxa yokonakala kweplastiki.I-V-shaped defect ngaphakathi kwe-valve spring iguqulwa ibe yi-T-shaped defect ngenxa yokuvalwa kobubanzi ngexesha lenkqubo ebandayo.