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I-ASTM A240 304 316 Ipleyiti eThiyekileyo eNsimbi eNgatyiwayo inokuSikwa kwaye iCwangciswe iXabiso leFactory yaseTshayina
IBakala leMathiriyeli: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Uhlobo:Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Itekhnoloji:I-Cold Rolled kunye ne-Hot Rolled
Iziqinisekiso: ISO9001, CE, SGS minyaka le
Inkonzo: Uvavanyo lomntu wesithathu
Ukuhanjiswa: kwiintsuku ze-10-15 okanye ngokuqwalasela ubuninzi
Insimbi engenasici i-alloy yensimbi enomxholo omncinci we-Chromium we-10.5 ekhulwini.Isiqulatho seChromium sivelisa ifilimu ebhityileyo yechromium oxide kumphezulu wentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yipassivation layer.Lo maleko uthintela ukubola ukuba kwenzeke kumphezulu wentsimbi;ubukhulu bexabiso leChromium kwintsimbi, kokukhona ukuxhathisa ukudleka okukhulu.
Intsimbi ikwaqulethe izixa ezahlukeneyo zezinye izinto ezifana neCarbon, iSilicon kunye neManganese.Ezinye izinto zingongezwa ukunyusa ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion (Nickel) kunye nokwakheka (i-Molybdenum).
| Ubonelelo ngeMathiriyeli: | ||||||||||||
| ASTM/ASME | IBanga le-EN | Icandelo leMichiza % | ||||||||||
| C | Cr | Ni | Mn | P | S | Mo | Si | Cu | N | Okunye | ||
| 201 |
| ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 3.50-5.50 | 5.50-7.50 | ≤0.060 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | ≤0.25 | - |
| 301 | 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.00-8.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 304 | 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304L | 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304H | 1.4948 | 0.04~0.10 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309S | 1.4828 | ≤0.08 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 310S | 1.4842 | ≤0.08 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 310H | 1.4821 | 0.04~0.10 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 316 | 1.4401 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316L | 1.4404 | ≤0.030 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.10-0.22 | - |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 317L | 1.4438 | ≤0.03 | 18.00-20.00 | 11.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 3.00-4.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 321 | 1.4541 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 321H | 1.494 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti4(C+N)~0.7 |
| 347 | 1.4550 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥10*C% -1.0 |
| 347H | 1.4942 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥8*C% -1.0 |
| 409 | S40900 | ≤0.03 | 10.50-11.70 | 0.5 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.020 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.03 | Ti6(C+N)-0.5 Nb0.17 |
| 410 | 1Kr13 | 0.08~0.15 | 11.50-13.50 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 420 | 2Kr13 | ≥0.15 | 12.00-14.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 430 | S43000 | ≤0.12 | 16.00-18.00 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 431 | 1Cr17Ni2 | ≤0.2 | 15.00-17.00 | 1.25-2.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 440C | 11Kr17 | 0.95-1.20 | 16.00-18.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 17-4PH | 630/1.4542 | ≤0.07 | 15.50-17.50 | 3.00-5.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | 3.00-5.00 | - | Nb+Ta: 0.15-0.45 |
| 17-7PH | 631 | ≤0.09 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.50-7.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | Al 0.75-1.50 |
| Ubungakanani bokubonelela: | ||||||
| 3 | 3*1000*2000 | 3*1219*2438 | 3*1500*3000 | 3*1500*6000 | ||
| 4 | 4*1000*2000 | 4*1219*2438 | 4*1500*3000 | 4*1500*6000 | ||
| 5 | 5*1000*2000 | 5*1219*2438 | 5*1500*3000 | 5*1500*6000 | ||
| 6 | 6*1000*2000 | 6*1219*2438 | 6*1500*3000 | 6*1500*6000 | ||
| 7 | 7*1000*2000 | 7*1219*2438 | 7*1500*3000 | 7*1500*6000 | ||
| 8 | 8*1000*2000 | 8*1219*2438 | 8*1500*3000 | 8*1500*6000 | ||
| 9 | 9*1000*2000 | 9*1219*2438 | 9*1500*3000 | 9*1500*6000 | ||
| 10.0 | 10*1000*2000 | 10*1219*2438 | 10*1500*3000 | 10*1500*6000 | ||
| 12.0 | 12*1000*2000 | 12*1219*2438 | 12*1500*3000 | 12*1500*6000 | ||
| 14.0 | 14*1000*2000 | 14*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 16.0 | 16*1000*2000 | 16*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 18.0 | 18*1000*2000 | 18*1219*2438 | 18*1500*3000 | 18*1500*6000 | ||
| 20 | 20*1000*2000 | 20*1219*2438 | 20*1500*3000 | 20*1500*6000 |
Ukuziphatha kwe-carbon martensitic stainless steel stainless (HCMSS) ebandakanya malunga ne-22.5 vol.I-% ye-carbides enomxholo ophezulu we-chromium (Cr) kunye ne-vanadium (V), yalungiswa nge-electron beam melting (EBM).I-microstructure yenziwe ngezigaba ze-martensite kunye ne-austenite eseleyo, i-submicron ephezulu ye-V kunye ne-micron ephezulu ye-Cr carbides isasazwa ngokulinganayo, kwaye ubunzima buphezulu.I-CoF yehla malunga ne-14.1% ngokunyuka komthwalo ozinzileyo ngenxa yokukhutshelwa kwemathiriyeli ukusuka kumzila ogugileyo ukuya kwelinye iqumrhu.Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yesixhobo se-martensitic ephathwa ngendlela efanayo, izinga lokunxiba le-HCMSS liphantse lifane kwimithwalo ephantsi esetyenzisiweyo.Indlela yokunxiba eyona nto ibalaseleyo kukususwa kwe-matrix yentsimbi nge-abrasion elandelwa yi-oxidation yendlela yokunxiba, ngelixa i-abrasive-component ye-abrasive wear iyenzeka ngokunyuka komthwalo.Iindawo zokuguqulwa kweplastiki phantsi kwesiva sokunxiba ezichongiweyo ngemephu yobunzima obunqamlezayo.Iziganeko ezithile ezenzeka njengoko iimeko zokunxiba zinyuka zichazwa njengokuqhekeka kwe-carbide, i-vanadium carbide tearout ephezulu, kunye nokuqhekeka kokufa.Olu phando lunika ukukhanya kwiimpawu zokunxiba zokwenza i-HCMSS yokongeza, enokuthi ivule indlela yokuveliswa kwezixhobo ze-EBM zokusetyenziswa kokunxiba ukusuka kwi-shafts ukuya kwizitofu zeplastiki.
Insimbi engenasici (SS) yintsapho eguquguqukayo yeentsimbi ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-aerospace, i-automotive, ukutya kunye nezinye izicelo ezininzi ngenxa yokumelana nokunyuka kwe-corrosion kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo zomatshini1,2,3.Ukuxhatshazwa kwabo okuphezulu kwe-corrosion kubangelwa umxholo ophezulu we-chromium (ngaphezu kwe-11.5 wt.%) kwi-HC, enegalelo ekubunjweni kwefilimu ye-oxide enomxholo ophezulu we-chromium kwi-surface1.Nangona kunjalo, amabakala amaninzi ensimbi engenasici anomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni kwaye ngoko anobunzima obunqamlekileyo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka, okubangela ukunciphisa ubomi benkonzo kwizixhobo ezinxulumene nokugqoka ezifana nezixhobo zokumisa i-aerospace4.Ngokuqhelekileyo banobunzima obuphantsi (kuluhlu lwe-180 ukuya kwi-450 HV), kuphela i-martensitic stainless steels eziphathwa ngobushushu ezinobunzima obuphezulu (ukuya kwi-700 HV) kunye nomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni (ukuya kwi-1.2 wt%), enokuthi ibe negalelo ukubunjwa kwe-martensite.1. Ngamafutshane, umxholo wekhabhoni ophezulu unciphisa ukushisa kwenguqu ye-martensitic, ukuvumela ukubunjwa kwe-microstructure ye-martensitic ngokupheleleyo kunye nokufumana i-microstructure engaguqukiyo yokugqoka kwizinga eliphezulu lokupholisa.Izigaba ezinzima (umzekelo, i-carbides) zinokongezwa kwi-matrix yensimbi ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukuxhatshazwa kokufa.
Ukuqaliswa kwe-additive production (AM) kunokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ezinokwakheka okufunwayo, iimpawu ze-microstructural, kunye neempawu eziphezulu ze-mechanical5,6.Umzekelo, i-powder bed melting (PBF), enye yeenkqubo ze-welding ezongezelelweyo ezithengiswayo, ibandakanya ukubekwa kwe-powders esele ifakwe ngaphambili ukuze yenze iinxalenye ezisondeleleneyo ngokunyibilikisa umgubo usebenzisa imithombo yobushushu efana ne-laser okanye i-electron beams7.Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba iinxalenye zentsimbi engenasiphene ezidityanisiweyo zinokwedlula iindawo ezenziwe ngokwesiko.Ngokomzekelo, i-austenitic stainless steels ezixhomekeke kwi-additive processing ziye zaboniswa ukuba zineempawu eziphezulu zemishini ngenxa ye-microstructure yazo egqwesileyo (okt, ubudlelwane beHolo-Petch)3,8,9.Ukunyangwa kokushisa kwe-AM-treated ferritic stainless steel stainless steel ivelisa i-precipitates eyongezelelweyo enika iimpawu zomatshini ezifana nezabo eziqhelekileyo3,10.I-adopted i-double-phase stainless steel inamandla amakhulu kunye nobunzima, icutshungulwa ngokulungiswa okongeziweyo, apho ukuphuculwa kwezinto zomatshini zibangelwa yi-chromium-rich-rich intermetallic phases in microstructure11.Ukongezelela, iipropathi eziphuculweyo zomatshini ze-additive hardened martensitic kunye ne-PH i-stainless steels inokufumaneka ngokulawula i-austenite egciniweyo kwi-microstructure kunye nokuphucula i-machining kunye ne-parameters yokushisa ukushisa i-3,12,13,14.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iipropathi ze-tribological ze-AM austenitic stainless steels zifumene ingqalelo ngakumbi kunezinye iintsimbi ezingenasici.Ukuziphatha kwe-tribological ye-laser yokunyibilika kwinqanaba le powder (L-PBF) ephathwa nge-316L yafundwa njengomsebenzi we-AM processing parameters.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ukunciphisa i-porosity ngokunciphisa isantya sokuskena okanye ukwandisa amandla e-laser kunokuphucula ukuxhatshazwa15,16.U-Li et al.17 uvavanye ukunxitywa kwe-sliding eyomileyo phantsi kweeparitha ezahlukeneyo (umthwalo, ukuphindaphinda kunye nobushushu) kwaye wabonisa ukuba ukunxiba kweqondo lokushisa kwegumbi yeyona ndlela iphambili yokunxiba, ngelixa ukwandisa isantya sokutyibilika kunye nobushushu bukhuthaza i-oxidation.Uluhlu lwe-oxide olubangelwayo luqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-bearing, i-friction iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, kwaye izinga lokugqoka linyuka kumaqondo aphezulu.Kwezinye izifundo, ukongezwa kwe-TiC18, i-TiB219, kunye ne-SiC20 yamasuntswana kwi-L-PBF ephathwayo ye-316L matrix iphuculwe ukuxhathisa ukunxiba ngokwenza umsebenzi oshinyeneyo owenziwe lukhuni umaleko wokukhuhla kunye nokunyuka kweqhekeza levolumu yamasuntswana anzima.Uluhlu olukhuselekileyo lwe-oxide luye lwabonwa kwi-L-PBF12 ephathwayo ye-PH yensimbi kunye ne-SS11 duplex yensimbi, ebonisa ukuba ukukhawulela i-austenite egciniweyo nge-post-heat treatment12 inokuphucula ukuxhatshazwa kokugqoka.Njengoko kushwankathelwa apha, uncwadi lugxile ikakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-tribological ye-316L SS series, ngelixa kukho idatha encinci malunga nokusebenza kwe-tribological yoluhlu lweentsimbi ze-martensitic ezidityanisiweyo ezenziwe nge-stainless kunye nomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni.
I-Electron Beam Melting (EBM) yindlela efana ne-L-PBF ekwazi ukwenza i-microstructures kunye ne-carbides ephikisayo efana ne-vanadium ephezulu kunye ne-chromium carbides ngenxa yokukwazi ukufikelela kumaqondo aphezulu kunye nokuskena amazinga angama-21, 22. Uncwadi olukhoyo kwi-EBM processing of stainless intsimbi igxile ikakhulu ekumiseleni iiparamitha zokusetyenzwa kwe-ELM ngokufanelekileyo ukufumana i-microstructure ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kunye ne-pores kunye nokuphucula i-mechanical properties23, i-24, i-25, i-26, ngelixa usebenza kwiipropati ze-tribological ze-EBM ziphathwa ngensimbi engenasici.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, indlela yokunxiba ye-high-carbon martensitic steel stainless steel ephathwa nge-ELR ifundwe phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo, kwaye i-deformation enzima yeplastiki iye yabikwa ukuba yenzeke phantsi kwe-abrasive (uvavanyo lwe-sandpaper), eyomileyo, kunye neemeko zokukhukuliseka kodaka27.
Olu phononongo luphande ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa kunye neempawu zokukhuhlana kwekhabhoni ephezulu ye-martensitic yensimbi engenasici ephathwa nge-ELR phantsi kweemeko zokutyibilika ezomileyo ezichazwe ngezantsi.Okokuqala, iimpawu ze-microstructural zibonakaliswe ngokusebenzisa i-electron microscopy (SEM), i-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), i-X-ray diffraction kunye nohlalutyo lomfanekiso.Idatha efunyenwe ngezi ndlela isetyenziswa njengesiseko sokuqwalaselwa kokuziphatha kwe-tribological ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezomileyo eziphindaphindayo phantsi kwemithwalo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-morphology egugileyo yomhlaba ihlolwe kusetyenziswa i-SEM-EDX kunye ne-laser profilometers.Izinga lokunxiba lilinganiswe kwaye lifaniswa neentsimbi zesixhobo se-martensitic eziphathwa ngokufanayo.Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukudala isiseko sokuthelekisa le nkqubo ye-SS kunye neenkqubo zokunxiba ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nohlobo olufanayo lonyango.Ekugqibeleni, imephu ye-cross-sectional yendlela yokunxiba iboniswa ngokusebenzisa i-algorithm yobunzima bemephu ebonisa ukuguqulwa kweplastiki okwenzeka ngexesha loqhagamshelwano.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimvavanyo ze-tribological kolu phononongo zenziwa ukuqonda ngcono iimpawu ze-tribological zale nto intsha, kwaye ingalinganisi isicelo esithile.Olu pho nonongo lunegalelo ekuqondeni ngcono iimpawu ze-tribological zentsimbi entsha eveliswe ngodityanisiweyo ye-martensitic yezixhobo zokunxiba ezifuna ukusebenza kwiindawo ezinzima.
Iisampulu ze-carbon martensitic stainless steel stainless (HCMSS) eziphathwe nge-ELR phantsi kwegama le-brand Vibenite® 350 zaphuhliswa kwaye zanikezelwa yi-VBN Components AB, eSweden.Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zesampulu: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Okokuqala, imizekelo eyomileyo ye-sliding (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) yenziwe kwiimpawu ezifunyenweyo ezixande (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) ngaphandle kokunyangwa kwe-post-thermal ngokusebenzisa i-electrical discharge machining (EDM).Emva koko iisampulu zaculwa ngokulandelelana kunye ne-SiC sandpaper enobukhulu obuziinkozo be-240 ukuya kwi-2400 R ukufumana uburhabaxa bomphezulu (Ra) malunga ne-0.15 μm.Ukongeza, imizekelo ye-EBM-treated high-carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) ene-chemical composition ebizwa ngokuba yi-1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-intengiso Vibenite® 150) Kwakhona kulungiswe ngendlela efanayo.I-HCMTS iqulethe i-8% ye-carbides ngomthamo kwaye isetyenziselwa kuphela ukuthelekisa i-HCMSS yedatha yokunxiba.
I-Microstructural characterization ye-HCMSS yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) exhotywe nge-X-ray ye-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) XMax80 detector evela kwi-Oxford Instruments.Iifotomicrographs ezintathu ezingahleliwe eziqulathe i-3500 µm2 zithathwe kwimowudi ye-electron (BSE) e-backscattered emva koko yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lomfanekiso (ImageJ®)28 ukumisela iqhezu lendawo (okt iqhezu lomthamo), ubukhulu kunye nokumila.Ngenxa ye-morphology yeempawu eziqatshelweyo, inxalenye yendawo yathathwa ilingana neqhezu lomthamo.Ukongeza, imo ye-carbides ibalwa kusetyenziswa i-shape factor equation (Shfa):
Apha iAyi yindawo yecarbide (µm2) kwaye iPi yiperimeter yecarbide (µm)29.Ukuchonga izigaba, i-powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-X-ray diffractometer (i-Bruker D8 Discover nge-LynxEye 1D strip detector) kunye ne-Co-Kα radiation (λ = 1.79026 Å).Skena isampuli kwi-2θ ukusuka kwi-35 ° ukuya kwi-130 ° kunye nobukhulu besinyathelo se-0.02 ° kunye nexesha lesinyathelo se-2 imizuzwana.Idatha ye-XRD yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa i-software ye-Diffract.EVA, eyahlaziywa i-crystallographic database kwi-2021. Ukongezelela, umhloli we-Vickers hardness tester (i-Struers Durascan 80, e-Austria) yayisetyenziselwa ukumisela ubuncinci be-microhardness.Ngokomgangatho we-ASTM E384-17 30, iiprinta ezingama-30 zenziwe kwiisampuli ezilungiselelwe i-metallographically kwi-0.35 mm increments kwi-10 s kwi-5 kgf.Ababhali baye babonakalisa ngaphambili iimpawu ze-microstructural zeHCMTS31.
I-tribometer yepleyiti yebhola (i-Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, e-USA) yasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimvavanyo ezomileyo zokunxiba ezibuyelanayo, uqwalaselo oluchazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo31.Iiparamitha zokuvavanya zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngokwemigangatho ye-32 ASTM G133-05, umthwalo we-3 N, i-frequency 1 Hz, i-stroke 3 mm, ubude be-1 iyure.Iibhola ze-aluminiyam oxide (Al2O3, iklasi yokuchaneka 28/ISO 3290) enobubanzi obuyi-10 mm enobunzima obukhulu obumalunga ne-1500 HV kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu (Ra) obumalunga ne-0.05 µm, ebonelelwe yiRedhill Precision, eCzech Republic, yasetyenziswa njengezinto ezichaseneyo. .Ukulinganisa kwakhethwa ukukhusela imiphumo ye-oxidation enokuthi yenzeke ngenxa yokulinganisa kunye nokuqonda kakuhle iindlela zokunxiba zemizekelo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zokunxiba.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iiparitha zokuvavanya zifana ne-Ref.8 ukwenzela ukuthelekisa idatha yezinga lokugqoka kunye nezifundo ezikhoyo.Ukongezelela, uchungechunge lweemvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo kunye nomthwalo we-10 N lwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwe-tribological kwimithwalo ephezulu, ngelixa ezinye iiparitha zokuvavanya zahlala zihlala.Iingcinezelo zoqhagamshelwano zokuqala ngokweHertz ziyi-7.7 MPa kunye ne-11.5 MPa kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N, ngokulandelanayo.Ngethuba lovavanyo lokugqoka, amandla okubetha abhalwe kwi-frequency ye-45 Hz kunye ne-coefficient ye-friction (CoF) ephakathi.Kumthwalo ngamnye, imilinganiselo emithathu ithathwe phantsi kweemeko ezingqongileyo.
I-trajectory yokugqoka ihlolwe kusetyenziswa i-SEM echazwe ngasentla, kwaye uhlalutyo lwe-EMF lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis software.Umphezulu ogugileyo wetyhubhu edibeneyo uhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-microscope yamehlo (Keyence VHX-5000, eJapan).Iprofayili yelaser engaqhagamshelwanga (NanoFocus µScan, eJamani) iskena uphawu lokunxitywa kunye nesisombululo esithe nkqo esingu-±0.1 µm ecaleni kwe-axis engu-z kunye ne-5 µm ecaleni komgca we-x kunye no-y.Imephu yeprofayile yomphezulu osivayo yenziwa eMatlab® kusetyenziswa ux, y, z ulungelelwaniso olufunyenwe kwimilinganiselo yeprofayile.Iiprofayile ezininzi zendlela yokunxiba ezithe nkqo ezikhutshwe kwimephu yeprofayile yomphezulu zisetyenziselwa ukubala ilahleko yevolumu yokunxiba kwindlela yokunxiba.Ukulahlekelwa kwevolumu kubalwa njengemveliso yecandelo eliphakathi kwendawo yeprofayili yocingo kunye nobude bendlela yokunxiba, kwaye iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zale ndlela zichazwe ngaphambili ngababhali33.Ukusuka apha, ireyithi yokunxiba ethile (k) ifumaneka kule fomula ilandelayo:
Apha V ukulahleka kwevolumu ngenxa yokugqoka (mm3), W ngumthwalo osetyenzisiweyo (N), L ngumgama wokutyibilika (mm), kunye no-k umlinganiselo othile wokugqoka (mm3 / Nm)34.Idatha yefriction kunye neemephu zeprofayili yomphezulu weHCMTS zibandakanyiwe kwizinto ezongezelelweyo (Umfanekiso owongezelelweyo S1 kunye noMzobo S2) ukuthelekisa imilinganiselo yokunxiba yeHCMSS.
Kolu phononongo, imephu yobulukhuni becandelo lomnqamlezo wendlela yokunxiba yayisetyenziselwa ukubonisa isimilo soguqulo lweplastiki (okt ukusebenza nzima ngenxa yoxinzelelo loqhagamshelwano) yendawo yokunxiba.Iisampulu ezipholisiweyo zisikwe ngevili lokusika i-aluminium oxide kumatshini wokusika (i-Struers Accutom-5, e-Austria) kwaye iphuculwe ngamabakala e-SiC sandpaper ukusuka kwi-240 ukuya kwi-4000 P kunye nobukhulu beesampuli.Umlinganiselo we-Microhardness kwi-0.5 kgf 10 s kunye ne-0.1 mm umgama ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM E348-17.Ushicilelo lwabekwa kwigridi eyi-1.26 × 0.3 mm2 yoxande malunga ne-60 µm ngaphantsi komphezulu (Umfanekiso 1) emva koko imephu yobulukhuni yanikezelwa kusetyenziswa ikhowudi yeMatlab® echazwe kwenye indawo35.Ukongezelela, i-microstructure yecandelo lomnqamlezo wendawo yokugqoka ihlolwe kusetyenziswa i-SEM.
ISchematic of the wear mark ebonisa indawo yecandelo lomnqamlezo (a) kunye ne-optical micrograph yemephu yobulukhuni ebonisa uphawu oluchongiweyo kwicandelo lomnqamlezo (b).
I-microstructure ye-HCMSS ephathwa nge-ELP iqulethe i-homogeneous carbide network ejikelezwe yi-matrix (Umfanekiso 2a, b).Uhlalutyo lwe-EDX lubonise ukuba i-gray and dark carbides yayiyi-chromium kunye ne-vanadium rich carbides, ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 1).Ukubalwa kuhlalutyo lomfanekiso, i-volume fraction of carbides iqikelelwa ukuba yi- ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% i-chromium carbides ephezulu kunye ne-4.3% ephezulu ye-vanadium carbides).Umndilili weesayizi zeenkozo ezineenxa ezisemgangathweni yi-0.64 ± 0.2 µm kunye ne-1.84 ± 0.4 µm ye-V kunye ne-Cr rich carbides, ngokulandelelanayo (Fig. 2c, d).Iikhabhide eziphakamileyo ze-V zithande ukuba ngqukuva ezinemilo emalunga ne-0.88±0.03 ngenxa yokuba ixabiso lemilo ekufutshane ne-1 lihambelana neekhabhide ezingqukuva.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-chromium carbides ephezulu ayingqukuvanga ngokugqibeleleyo, enemilo emalunga ne-0.56 ± 0.01, enokuthi ibe ngenxa ye-agglomeration.I-Martensite (α, bcc) kunye ne-austenite egcinwe (γ ', fcc) i-diffraction peaks ifunyenwe kwi-HCMSS i-X-ray iphethini njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig.Ukongezelela, umzekelo we-X-ray ubonisa ubukho be-carbides yesibini.I-chromium carbides ephezulu ichongiwe njenge-M3C2 kunye ne-M23C6 uhlobo lwe-carbides.Ngokweenkcukacha zoncwadi, i-36,37,38 i-diffraction peaks ye-VC carbides ibhalwe kwi-≈43 ° kunye ne-63 °, ebonisa ukuba iinqununu ze-VC zifakwe kwi-M23C6 ye-carbides ecebileyo ye-chromium (Umfanekiso 2e).
I-Microstructure ye-high-carbon martensitic steel stainless ephathwa nge-EBL (a) ekukhuliseni okuphantsi kunye (b) ekukhuliseni okuphezulu, ebonisa i-chromium kunye ne-vanadium ecebileyo ye-carbides kunye ne-matrix yensimbi engenasici (imowudi ye-electron backscattering).Iigrafu zeBar ezibonisa ubungakanani bengqolowa yokuhanjiswa kwe-chromium-rich (c) kunye ne-vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Umzekelo we-X-ray ubonisa ubukho be-martensite, i-austenite egciniweyo kunye ne-carbides kwi-microstructure (d).
Umyinge we-microhardness yi-625.7 + 7.5 HV5, ebonisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi ye-martensitic esetyenzisiweyo eqhelekileyo (450 HV) 1 ngaphandle konyango lobushushu.Ukuqina kwe-nanoindentation ye-V carbides ephezulu kunye ne-Cr carbides ephezulu kubikwa ukuba phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-32.5 GPa39 kunye ne-13-22 GPa40, ngokulandelanayo.Ngaloo ndlela, ubunzima obuphezulu be-HCMSS ephathwa nge-ELP bubangelwa umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni, okhuthaza ukubunjwa kwenethiwekhi ye-carbide.Ngaloo ndlela, i-HSMSS ephathwa nge-ELP ibonisa iimpawu ezintle ze-microstructural kunye nobunzima ngaphandle konyango olongezelelweyo lwasemva kwe-thermal.
Iigophe zomndilili we-coefficient of friction (CoF) kwiisampulu kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N ziboniswe kuMzobo 3, uluhlu lwexabiso elincinci kunye nelona xabiso liphezulu liphawulwe nge-shading eguquguqukayo.Igophe ngalinye libonisa inqanaba lokubaleka kunye nenqanaba lemeko ezinzileyo.Isigaba sokugijima siphela kwi-1.2 m kunye ne-CoF (± SD) ye-0.41 ± 0.24.3 N kunye ne-3.7 m kunye ne-CoF ye-0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, ngaphambi kokungena kwisigaba sokuzinza xa i-friction iyeka.ayitshintshi ngokukhawuleza.Ngenxa yendawo encinci yokudibanisa kunye ne-deformation yokuqala yeplastiki, i-friction force yanda ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokugijima kwinqanaba le-3 N kunye ne-10 N, apho i-friction force ephezulu kunye nomgama omde we-sliding yenzeka kwi-10 N, enokuthi ibangelwa. ukuba xa kuthelekiswa ne-3 N, umonakalo womphezulu uphezulu.Kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N, amaxabiso e-CoF kwinqanaba elimileyo yi-0.78 ± 0.05 kunye ne-0.67 ± 0.01, ngokulandelanayo.I-CoF izinzile ngokwenyani kwi-10 N kwaye inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-3 N. Kuncwadi olulinganiselweyo, i-CoF ye-L-PBF iphatha insimbi engenasici xa kuthelekiswa nemizimba ye-ceramic reaction kwimithwalo ephantsi esetyenzisiweyo ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-0.728, 20, 42, ephakathi isivumelwano esihle kunye namaxabiso e-CoF alinganisiweyo kolu phononongo.Ukuhla kweCoF ngokunyuka komthwalo kwisimo esizinzileyo (malunga ne-14.1%) kunokunxulunyaniswa nokuthotywa komphezulu okwenzeka kujongano phakathi komphezulu ogugileyo kunye nomlinganiso, okuya kuxoxwa ngakumbi kwicandelo elilandelayo ngohlalutyo lomphezulu womhlaba. iisampulu ezigugileyo.
I-friction coefficients yeesampuli ze-VSMSS eziphathwe nge-ELP kwiindlela zokutyibilika kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N, isigaba esimileyo siphawulwe kwigophe ngalinye.
Imilinganiselo ethile yokugqoka i-HKMS (i-625.7 HV) iqikelelwa kwi-6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm kunye ne-9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N, ngokulandelanayo (umzobo 4).Ngaloo ndlela, izinga lokunxiba liyenyuka ngomthwalo okhulayo, ohambelana kakuhle nezifundo ezikhoyo kwi-austenite ephathwa nge-L-PBF kunye ne-PH SS17,43.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ze-tribological, izinga lokunxiba kwi-3 N limalunga nesinye kwisihlanu sokuba i-austenitic stainless steel iphathwe nge-L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 229 HV), njengakwimeko yangaphambili. .8. Ukongezelela, izinga lokugqoka i-HCMSS kwi-3 N laliphantsi kakhulu kunezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic eziqhelekileyo kwaye, ngokukodwa, ziphakamileyo kune-isotropic ezicinezelekileyo (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./ Nm, 176 HV) kunye ne-cast (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 156 HV) eyenziwe ngentsimbi ye-austenitic stainless, 8, ngokulandelanayo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezi zifundo kuncwadi, ukuxhathisa okuphuculweyo kokunxiba kweHCMSS kubangelwe kumxholo wekhabhoni ephezulu kunye nenethiwekhi ye-carbide eyenziweyo ekhokelela kubulukhuni obuphezulu kunezongezelelweyo ezenziwe ngoomatshini be-austenitic stainless steels eziqhelekileyo ngoomatshini.Ukuqhubela phambili ukufundisisa izinga lokugqoka imizekelo yeHCMSS, i-specimen ephezulu ye-carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) efana nomatshini (ngobunzima be-790 HV) yavavanywa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo (3 N kunye ne-10 N) ukuthelekisa;Imathiriyeli eyongezelelweyo yiMaphu yeProfayili yoMphezulu weHCMTS (Umfanekiso owongezelelweyo S2).Umyinge wokunxiba weHCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10-6 mm3/Nm) uphantse ufane neHCMTS kwi-3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm), ebonisa ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo. .Ezi mpawu zibangelwa ikakhulu kwiimpawu ze-microstructural zeHCMSS (oko kukuthi umxholo ophezulu we-carbide, ubungakanani, imilo kunye nokusabalalisa amaqhekeza e-carbide kwi-matrix, njengoko kuchazwe kwiCandelo 3.1).Njengoko bekubikwe ngaphambili31,44, umxholo we-carbide uchaphazela ububanzi kunye nobunzulu bokugqoka i-scar kunye nendlela yokugqoka i-micro-abrasive.Nangona kunjalo, umxholo we-carbide awunelanga ukukhusela ukufa kwi-10 N, okubangelwa ukunyuka kokugqoka.Kwicandelo elilandelayo, i-morphology yokugqoka i-surface morphology kunye ne-topography isetyenziselwa ukucacisa iindlela zokugqoka kunye neendlela zokuguqulwa ezichaphazela izinga lokunxiba le-HCMSS.Kwi-10 N, izinga lokugqoka i-VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) liphezulu kune-VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm).Ngokuchasene noko, la maxabiso okunxiba asephezulu kakhulu: phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zovavanyo, izinga lokunxiba leengubo ezisekelwe kwi-chromium kunye ne-stellite lingaphantsi kunelo le-HCMSS45,46.Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yobunzima obuphezulu be-alumina (i-1500 HV), izinga lokugqoka ukukhwelana lalingenamsebenzi kwaye iimpawu zokutshintshwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ukusuka kwi-specimen ukuya kwiibhola ze-aluminium zifunyenwe.
Ukunxiba okuthe ngqo kwi-ELR machining ye-high carbon martensitic stainless steel (HMCSS), i-ELR machining ye-high carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) kunye ne-L-PBF, ukuphosa kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-isotropic (HIP) lwe-austenitic stainless steel (316LSS) kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. izantya zilayishiwe.I-scatterplot ibonisa ukutenxa okusemgangathweni kwemilinganiselo.Idatha ye-austenitic steels stainless ithathwa kwi-8.
Ngelixa izinto eziqinileyo ezifana nechromium kunye ne-stellite zinokunganyangeki ngcono kunenkqubo yealloyi eyenziwe ngoomatshini, ukongezwa komatshini kunokuphucula i-microstructure, ngakumbi kwimathiriyeli enokuxinana okubanzi.imisebenzi kwinqanaba lokugqibela;kunye (3) nokudalwa kwezinto ezintsha zomphezulu ezifana neebheringi ezidityanisiweyo zolwelo.Ukongeza, i-AM inikezela ngokuguquguquka koyilo lwejometri.Olu phononongo luyinoveli ngakumbi kwaye lubalulekile njengoko lubalulekile ukucacisa iimpawu zokunxiba kwezi ngxubevange zentsimbi ezisanda kuphuhliswa nge-EBM, apho uncwadi lwangoku lulinganiselwe kakhulu.
I-morphology yendawo egugileyo kunye ne-morphology yeesampuli ezigugileyo kwi-3 N iboniswe kwifig.I-5, apho eyona ndlela yokugqoka i-abrasion ilandelwa yi-oxidation.Okokuqala, i-substrate yentsimbi yonakele ngokweplastiki ize emva koko isuswe ukuze yenze imijelo eyi-1 ukuya kwi-3 µm ubunzulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiprofayile yomphezulu (Fig. 5a).Ngenxa yobushushu obukhukhulayo obuveliswa ngokutyibilika okuqhubekayo, izinto ezisusiweyo zihlala kwi-interface yenkqubo ye-tribological, eyenza i-tribological layer equka iziqithi ezincinci ze-iron oxide ephezulu ezijikeleze i-chromium ephezulu kunye ne-vanadium carbides (Umfanekiso 5b kunye neThebhile 2).), njengoko kwaxelwa kwakhona kwi-austenitic steel stainless ephathwa nge-L-PBF15,17.Kwikhiwane.I-5c ibonisa i-oxidation enzulu eyenzekayo embindini wesiva.Ngaloo ndlela, ukubunjwa koluhlu lwe-friction luququzelelwa ngokutshabalalisa umgca we-friction (oko kukuthi, i-oxide layer) (umzobo we-5f) okanye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenzeka kwiindawo ezibuthathaka ngaphakathi kwe-microstructure, ngoko kukhawuleza ukukhutshwa kwezinto.Kuzo zombini iimeko, ukutshatyalaliswa koluhlu lwe-friction lukhokelela ekubunjweni kweemveliso zokugqoka kwi-interface, enokuba sisizathu sokuthambekela kokunyuka kwe-CoF kwimeko ezinzileyo ye-3N (umzobo 3).Ukongezelela, kukho izibonakaliso zokugqoka ezithathu ezibangelwa yi-oxides kunye neengqungquthela zokugqoka ezikhululekile kwindlela yokugqoka, ekugqibeleni ikhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-micro-scratches kwi-substrate (Fig. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Iprofayili yomphezulu (a) kunye neefotomicrographs (b-f) ye-wear surface morphology ye-high-carbon martensitic stainless steel ephathwa nge-ELP kwi-3 N, icandelo elinqamlezayo lophawu lokunxiba kwimodi ye-BSE (d) kunye ne-optical microscopy yokunxiba. umphezulu kwi-3 N (g) i-alumina spheres.
Iibhendi ze-Slip ezenziwe kwi-substrate yensimbi, ebonisa ukuguqulwa kweplastiki ngenxa yokugqoka (Umfanekiso 5e).Iziphumo ezifanayo nazo zafunyanwa kuphononongo lokuziphatha kokunxiba kwe-SS47 austenitic steel ephathwa nge-L-PBF.Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwe-vanadium-rich carbides kubonisa kwakhona i-deformation yeplastiki ye-matrix yensimbi ngexesha le-sliding (Umfanekiso 5e).I-Micrographs yecandelo lomnqamlezo wophawu lokunxiba lubonisa ubukho bemingxuma encinci ejikelezileyo ejikelezwe ngama-microcracks (umzobo we-5d), onokuthi ube ngenxa yokuguqulwa okugqithisileyo kweplastiki kufuphi nomphezulu.Ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwi-aluminium oxide spheres kwakulinganiselwe, ngelixa ii-spheres zahlala zilungile (umzobo 5g).
Ububanzi kunye nobunzulu bokugqoka iisampulu zanda ngomthwalo okhulayo (kwi-10 N), njengoko kuboniswe kwimephu yendawo yomhlaba (umzobo 6a).I-Abrasion kunye ne-oxidation isezona ndlela zokugqoka ezibalaseleyo, kwaye ukwanda kwenani le-micro-scratches kwindlela yokunxiba kubonisa ukuba ukunxiba kwamacandelo amathathu kwenzeka kwakhona kwi-10 N (Umfanekiso 6b).Uhlalutyo lwe-EDX lubonise ukubunjwa kweziqithi ze-iron-rich oxide.I-Al peaks kwi-spectra iqinisekisile ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezivela kwi-counterparty ukuya kwisampuli kwenzeka kwi-10 N (Umfanekiso 6c kunye neThebhile 3), ngelixa ingazange ibonwe kwi-3 N (Itheyibhile 2).Ukunxiba kwemizimba emithathu kubangelwa ngamasuntswana anxitywayo asuka kwiziqithi ze-oxide kunye nee-analogs, apho uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-EDX luveze izinto ezithwalayo ezivela kwi-analogs (i-Supplementary Figure S3 kunye neTable S1).Ukuphuhliswa kweziqithi ze-oxide kuhambelana nemigodi enzulu, ekwabonwa kwi-3N (umzobo 5).Ukuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-carbides kwenzeka ikakhulu kwi-carbides ecebileyo kwi-10 N Cr (Umfanekiso 6e, f).Ukongezelela, i-V carbides ephezulu iphosa kwaye igqoke i-matrix ejikelezileyo, leyo ibangela ukuba i-part-party igugile.Umgodi ofana nobukhulu kunye nokumila kulowo we-carbide ephezulu ye-V (echazwe kwisangqa esibomvu) nayo yabonakala kwicandelo lomnqamlezo womzila (Umfanekiso we-6d) (jonga ubungakanani be-carbide kunye nohlalutyo lwemilo. 3.1), ebonisa ukuba i-V ephezulu i-carbide V inokugqabhuka kwi-matrix kwi-10 N. Ubume obujikelezileyo be-V carbides ephezulu igalelo kwisiphumo sokutsala, ngelixa i-agglomerated high Cr carbides ijwayele ukuqhekeka (Umfanekiso 6e, f).Oku kuziphatha kokungaphumeleli kubonisa ukuba i-matrix idlulile amandla ayo okumelana nokuguqulwa kweplastiki kunye nokuba i-microstructure ayiboneleli ngokwaneleyo impembelelo yempembelelo kwi-10 N. Ukuqhekeka okuthe nkqo phantsi komhlaba (umzobo 6d) kubonisa ukunyanzeliswa kokuguqulwa kweplastiki okwenzeka ngexesha lokuslayida.Njengoko umthwalo unyuka kukho ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezivela kwi-track egugileyo kwibhola ye-alumina (umzobo 6g), onokuthi ube nesimo esizinzileyo kwi-10 N. Esona sizathu siphambili sokuhla kwamaxabiso e-CoF (umzobo 3).
Iprofayile yomphezulu (a) kunye neefotomicrographs (b–f) ye-topography yomhlaba egugileyo (b–f) ye-high-carbon martensitic steel stainless steel ephathwa nge-EBA kwi-10 N, ukunxiba i-track cross-section kwimo ye-BSE (d) kunye ne-optical microscope surface. ye-alumina sphere kwi-10 N (g).
Ngexesha lokunxitywa kwe-sliding, umphezulu uphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-antibody-induced compressive kunye noxinzelelo lwe-shear, okukhokelela kwi-deformation ebalulekileyo yeplastiki phantsi kwendawo egugileyo34,48,49.Ke ngoko, ukuqina komsebenzi kunokwenzeka ngaphantsi komphezulu ngenxa yokuguqulwa kweplastiki, okuchaphazela ukunxiba kunye neendlela zokuguqula ezimisela indlela yokuziphatha kwempahla.Ngoko ke, imephu yobunzima obunqamlekileyo (njengoko kuchaziweyo kwiCandelo 2.4) lwenziwa kolu cwaningo ukumisela ukuphuhliswa kwendawo yokuguqulwa kweplastiki (PDZ) ngaphantsi kwendlela yokugqoka njengomsebenzi womthwalo.Ekubeni, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kumacandelo angaphambili, iimpawu ezicacileyo ze-deformation yeplastiki zabonwa phantsi komkhondo wokugqoka (umzobo we-5d, i-6d), ngokukodwa kwi-10 N.
Kwikhiwane.Umzobo we-7 ubonisa imizobo yobunzima obunqamlekileyo beempawu zokugqoka ze-HCMSS eziphathwa nge-ELP kwi-3 N kunye ne-10 N. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezi xabiso zobunzima zisetyenziswe njengesalathisi sokuvavanya umphumo wokuqina komsebenzi.Ukutshintsha kobunzima obungaphantsi kophawu lokugqoka luvela kwi-667 ukuya kwi-672 HV kwi-3 N (Umfanekiso 7a), ebonisa ukuba ukuqina komsebenzi akunanto.Kucingelwa ukuba, ngenxa yesisombululo esisezantsi semephu yobulukhuni obuncinci (okt umgama phakathi kwamanqaku), indlela yokulinganisa ubulukhuni esetyenzisiweyo ayikwazanga ukubona utshintsho kubulukhuni.Ngokuchasene noko, iindawo zePDZ ezinamaxabiso obunzima ukusuka kwi-677 ukuya kwi-686 HV enobunzulu obuphezulu be-118 µm kunye nobude be-488 µm zabonwa kwi-10 N (Fig. 7b), ehambelana nobubanzi bendlela yokunxiba. Umfanekiso 6a)).Idatha efanayo kwi-PDZ yobukhulu benguqu kunye nomthwalo ifunyenwe kwisifundo sokunxiba kwi-SS47 ephathwa nge-L-PBF.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ubukho be-austenite egciniweyo buchaphazela i-ductility yeentsimbi ezidityanisiweyo ze-3, i-12, i-50, kunye ne-austenite egciniweyo iguqulwa ibe yi-martensite ngexesha lokuguqulwa kweplastiki (impembelelo yeplastiki yokuguqulwa kwesigaba), ephucula umsebenzi wokuqina kwentsimbi.intsimbi 51. Ekubeni isampuli yeVCMSS iqulethe i-austenite egciniweyo ngokuhambelana nephethini ye-X-ray ye-diffraction exoxwe ngayo ngaphambili (Umfanekiso 2e), kwacetyiswa ukuba i-austenite egcinwe kwi-microstructure inokuguqula ibe yi-martensite ngexesha loqhagamshelwano, ngaloo ndlela ikhulise ubulukhuni be-PDZ. Isazobe 7b).Ukongezelela, ukubunjwa kwe-slip eyenzekayo kwindlela yokugqoka (umzobo 5e, i-6f) ibonisa kwakhona ukuguqulwa kweplastiki okubangelwa yi-dislocation slip phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwe-shear kwi-sliding contact.Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lwe-shear olubangelwa kwi-3 N lwalunganelanga ukuvelisa ukuxinana okuphezulu kwe-dislocation okanye ukuguqulwa kwe-austenite egciniweyo kwi-martensite ebonwe ngendlela esetyenzisiweyo, ngoko ukuqina komsebenzi kwabonwa kuphela kwi-10 N (Umfanekiso 7b).
Imizobo yobunzima obunqamlezayo bemizila yokugqoka ye-high-carbon martensitic stainless steel stainless ephantsi komatshini wokukhupha umbane kwi-3 N (a) kunye ne-10 N (b).
Olu pho nonongo lubonisa indlela yokunxiba kunye neempawu ze-microstructural zentsimbi entsha ye-carbon martensitic stainless steel ephathwa nge-ELR.Iimvavanyo zokunxiba ezomileyo zenziwa ekutyibilikeni phantsi kwemithwalo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye iisampulu ezigugileyo zavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-electron microscopy, i-laser profilometer kunye nokuqina kweemephu zamacandelo anqamlezayo eendlela zokunxiba.
Uhlalutyo lwe-Microstructural lubonakalise ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kwee-carbides kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-chromium (~ 18.2% carbides) kunye ne-vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) kwi-matrix ye-martensite kwaye igcinwe i-austenite ene-microhardness ephezulu.Iindlela zokunxiba ezibalaseleyo kukunxitywa kunye ne-oxidation kwimithwalo ephantsi, ngelixa ukunxiba kwemizimba emithathu okubangelwa lunwele lwe-V carbides ephezulu kunye nee-oxide eziziinkozo ezikhululekileyo nazo zinegalelo ekunxibeni ekwandiseni imithwalo.Umyinge wokunxiba ungcono kune-L-PBF kunye neentsimbi ze-austenitic eziqhelekileyo ezenziwe ngoomatshini, kwaye zifana nezo ze-EBM zomatshini wezixhobo zentsimbi kwimithwalo ephantsi.Ixabiso le-CoF liyancipha ngokunyuka komthwalo ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kumzimba ochaseneyo.Ukusebenzisa indlela yemephu yobunzima obunqamlezayo, indawo yokuguqulwa kweplastiki iboniswe ngaphantsi kophawu lokugqoka.Ukulungiswa okunokwenzeka okuziinkozo kunye nokutshintshwa kwesigaba kwi-matrix kunokuphandwa ngakumbi kusetyenziswa i-electron backscatter diffraction ukuqonda ngcono iziphumo zokuqina komsebenzi.Isisombululo esisezantsi semephu ye-microhardness ayivumeli ukubonakaliswa kobunzima bendawo yokunxiba kwimithwalo ephantsi esetyenzisiweyo, ngoko ke i-nanoindentation inokubonelela ngotshintsho oluphezulu lobulukhuni usebenzisa indlela efanayo.
Olu phononongo lubonisa okokuqala uhlalutyo olubanzi lokunganyangeki kunye neempawu zokukhuhlana kwentsimbi entsha ye-carbon martensitic stainless steel ephathwa nge-ELR.Ukuqwalasela inkululeko yoyilo lwejiyometri ye-AM kunye nokwenzeka kokunciphisa amanyathelo omatshini kunye ne-AM, olu phando lunokuvula indlela yokuveliswa kwesi sixhobo esitsha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ezinxulumene nokunxiba ukusuka kwi-shafts ukuya kwi-plastic injection molds kunye nomjelo onzima wokupholisa.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-09-2023