Ukubizwa: stēl Umsebenzi: noun Etymology: Middle English istele, from Old English, stEle;efana Old High German stahalsteel, mhlawumbi efana Sanskrit stakati, leyo waxhathisa.
Amasuntswana amancinci e-limestone (flux) kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi kunzima ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuthutha ngenxa yothuli kunye nokubola.Ngoko ke, izinto zomgubo zidla ngokulungiswa zibe ngamaqhekeza amakhulu.Iimpawu zemathiriyeli ekrwada zimisela itekhnoloji esetyenziswa kwisityalo.
Iipellets ezibhakiweyo zinamathele kunye zibe ngamaqhekeza malunga ne-intshi enye ngobukhulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa uthuli lwentsimbi oluqokelelwa kwiziko lokuqhushumba.
Iziqwenga ezincinci zenziwe ngokucinezela izinto kunye.I-Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) yintsimbi ekrwada egxininisiweyo enokuthi isetyenziswe endaweni yesinyithi esilahliweyo kwiziko lombane.
Utshintsho kwiipropathi zesinyithi kunye ne-alloys ezithile, ezifana nentsimbi, ezenzeka kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi okanye aphakanyiswe ngokuphakathi emva kokunyangwa kobushushu okanye ukusebenza okubandayo.Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo zezi: ukuqina, amandla esivuno, amandla okuqina, ukuqina, ukuqina, ukubumba, iimpawu zemagneti, njl.
I-AISI isebenza njengelizwi loshishino lwensimbi yase-US kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kwaye ikhuthaza insimbi njengento ekhethiweyo kwimarike.I-AISI ikwadlala indima ephambili ekuphuhliseni nasekusetyenzisweni kweemveliso ezintsha zentsimbi kunye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza intsimbi.I-AISI yenziwe ngentsimbi eqhelekileyo kunye nabavelisi be-arc yombane, kunye namalungu adibeneyo ababoneleli okanye abathengi beshishini lensimbi.
Nayiphi na into yentsimbi eyongeziweyo ngexesha lokunyibilikiswa kwentsimbi okanye i-aluminiyam ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukuqina, okanye ukomelela.Iintsimbi ezidla ngokusetyenziswa njengezinto ezixutyiweyo kwintsimbi engatyiwayo ziquka ichromium, nickel kunye nemolybdenum.
Imixube esekelwe kwi-iron ithathwa njengeentsimbi ze-alloy ukuba umxholo we-manganese udlula i-1.65%, i-silicon idlula i-0.5%, i-copper idlula i-0.6%, okanye ezinye izinto ezincinci ze-alloying zikhona, ezifana ne-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum okanye i-tungsten.Ngokufakela ezi zinto kwiresiphi, ezininzi iipropathi zetsimbi ezahlukeneyo zinokudalwa.
Insimbi i-deoxidized nge-aluminium, injongo kukunciphisa umxholo we-oksijini ukwenzela ukuba ngexesha lokuqiniswa kungabikho ukuphendula phakathi kwekhabhoni kunye ne-oxygen.
Unyango lobushushu okanye inkqubo yonyango lobushushu elenza iikhoyili eziqengqelekisiweyo zangaphambili zilungele ukwenza kunye nokugoba.Ishiti lentsimbi lifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa elimiselweyo ixesha elaneleyo kwaye lipholile.
Ngexesha elibandayo lokuqengqeleka kweekhoyili, izibophelelo phakathi kweenkozo zetsimbi zoluliwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba intsimbi ibe yintsimbi kwaye ibhubhe.I-Anealing ivumela ukubunjwa kwamabhondi amatsha kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, ngaloo ndlela "i-recrystallizing" isakhiwo sengqolowa yentsimbi.
Imfuno yentsimbi ibalwa ngokusekwe kuthutho lwentsimbi lokusila oluxelwe yi-AISI kunye nezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezixelwe yi-Census Bureau kuthatyathwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kuxelwe yi-Census Bureau.Iipesenti zemarike yasekhaya zisekelwe kweli nani kwaye azithatheli ngqalelo naluphi na utshintsho kuluhlu lwempahla.
Umxholo wekhabhoni wensimbi engenasici kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwekhabhoni okanye i-alloy iron ephantsi (oko kukuthi, intsimbi engaphantsi kwe-5% yezinto ezixutywayo).Ngelixa i-electric arc furnace (EAF) iyindlela eqhelekileyo yokunyibilika kunye nokusulungekisa intsimbi engatyiwayo, i-AAF lulongezelelo lwezoqoqosho ngenxa yamaxesha amafutshane okuqhuba kunye namaqondo obushushu asezantsi kune-EAF steelmaking.Ukongeza, ukucocwa kwentsimbi engenasici kusetyenziswa i-AOD kwandisa ukufumaneka kwe-EAF yokunyibilikisa.
Intsimbi etyhidiweyo engacocwanga idluliselwa kwi-EAF isiwe kwisitya esahlukileyo.Umxube we-argon kunye ne-oxygen uvuthelwa kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ukusuka ezantsi kwenqanawa.Kanye nala magesi, i-detergents yongezwa kwisitya sokususa ukungcola, kwaye i-oksijini idibanisa nekhabhoni kwintsimbi engabonakaliyo ukunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni.Ubukho be-argon kwandisa ukuhambelana kwekhabhoni ye-oksijini, ngaloo ndlela kuququzelela ukususwa kwekhabhoni.
Uninzi lweenkampani ezimanyeneyo azikwazi unilaterally ukunciphisa amanqanaba okuqesha ukucutha iindleko, ngoko ke abaphathi kufuneka bathembele ekudekweni ukuze bazalise izithuba ezinokuthi, nazo, zingazaliswa.Njengoko umndilili weminyaka yabasebenzi basefektri ehlanganisiweyo unokuthi ugqithe kumashumi amahlanu, ukwanda kwenani labantu abadla umhlala-phantsi kunokunika ezi nkampani ukuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi ukuze ziphucule ukukhuphisana kwazo.
Udidi olukhulu lwensimbi engenasici, lubalelwa malunga ne-70% yayo yonke imveliso.Ngenxa ye-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-chromium, ii-austenitic stainless steels zinamandla okumelana ne-corrosion kwiqela lensimbi engenasici.I-Austenitic stainless steels iqiniswe kwaye iqiniswe ngokusebenza okubandayo (ngokusebenzisa uxinzelelo kumaqondo aphantsi okushisa ukutshintsha isakhiwo kunye nokuma kwentsimbi) kunokuba unyango lobushushu.I-Ductility (ikhono lokutshintsha imilo ngaphandle kokuphuka) lihle kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic.I-solderability egqwesileyo kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu ziimpawu ezongezelelweyo zolu didi.
Izicelo ziquka abapheki, izixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, izakhiwo zangaphandle, izixhobo zoshishino lwemichiza, iinqwelwana zelori kunye neesinki zasekhitshini.
Amabakala amabini aqhelekileyo aqhelekileyo aluhlobo lwe-304 (eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu insimbi engenasici, enikezela ukuxhathisa ukubola phantsi kweemeko ezininzi eziqhelekileyo) kunye nohlobo lwe-316 (elifana ne-304, kunye ne-molybdenum yongezwa ukuphucula ukuchasana kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokugqoka).
Isixhobo esicinezela intsimbi engenanto emnyango okanye ihood yesimo esifunwayo, umzekelo, usebenzisa isitampu esinamandla (isikhunta).Intsimbi esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ibe ne-ductile ngokwaneleyo (i-tensile) ukuze ikwazi ukugoba ngaphandle kokuphuka.
Besebenzisa ii-hydraulic rolling force systems, abenzi bentsimbi banokulawula ngokuchanekileyo ubungakanani (ubukhulu) bamashiti entsimbi njengoko bedlula kwiindawo zokusila ezibandayo ngesantya esingaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-50 ngeyure.Ukusebenzisa i-feedback okanye inkqubo ye-feed-forward, i-sensor ye-gap yekhompyutheni ilungisa umgama phakathi kwee-rolls ze-calender yokugaya ngesantya se-50-60 ngamaxesha ngesibini.Olu hlengahlengiso luthintela ukufakwa ngaphandle kwe-spec ukuba kwenziwe ngoomatshini.
Isixhobo sokulawula ukungcoliseka komoya esisetyenziselwa ukubambisa amasuntswana ngokucoca umjelo womoya ngelaphu elikhulu okanye ingxowa yefiberglass.
Icwecwe elipholileyo eliqengqelekayo lentsimbi yeepaneli zomzimba wemoto.Ngombulelo kunyango olukhethekileyo, intsimbi ineempawu ezintle zokungena kunye namandla, kwaye inokumelana nokunyuka kwamazinyo emva kokudubula.
Isithando somlilo esimise okwepere esinezitena eziphikisayo sisetyenziselwa ukucubungula isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi esuka kwiziko eliqhumayo ukuya kwintsimbi.Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yemathiriyeli ekrwada efakwe kwi-converter ingaba yi-scrap, kunye nentsalela yintsimbi etyhidiweyo.
Iziko lokuguqulela, ezinokucokisa ukunyibilika (ibhetshi) yentsimbi ngaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-45, endaweni yeziko elivulekileyo kwiminyaka yoo-1950, le yokugqibela ifuna iiyure ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu ukusetyenzwa kwesinyithi.Ukusebenza okukhawulezayo, ixabiso eliphantsi, kunye nokulula kokusebenza kwe-BOF kuyinika inzuzo ecacileyo kwiindlela zangaphambili.
I-Scrap igalelwa eziko, ilandelwa yintsimbi etyhidiweyo evela kwi-blast furnace.Umkhonto wehliswa ukusuka phezulu, apho umjelo weoksijini uvuthelwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, okubangela ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezahlula ukungcola kube ngumsi okanye i-slag.Emva kokucocwa, intsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye ne-slag igalelwe kwimigqomo eyahlukileyo.
Iimveliso ezide eziqengqelekayo ukusuka kwizithuba ezingenanto.I-Rebar yorhwebo kunye ne-rebar (i-rebar) zizinto ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ze-rebar apho i-rebar yorhwebo ibandakanya i-round, i-flat, i-angle, i-square kunye nemivalo yeshaneli kwaye isetyenziswa ngabavelisi ukwenza iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezifana nefenitshala, izitebhisi kunye nezixhobo zezolimo.esetyenziselwa ukuqinisa ikhonkrithi ezindleleni, kwiibhulorho nakwizakhiwo.
I-steel semi-finished formwork yeemveliso "ezide": imivalo, iziteshi okanye ezinye iifom ezakhayo.Iibhilithi zihluke kwi-slabs kwimilinganiselo yazo yangaphandle;iibhilithi ziqhelekile ukuba zi-2 ukuya kwi-intshi ezisi-7, kwaye amacwecwe angama-30 ukuya kuma-80 ububanzi kunye ne-intshi ezi-2 ukuya kweziyi-10 ubukhulu.Zombini iimbumba zidla ngokuphoswa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa i-chemistry yazo inokwahluka kakhulu.
Icwecwe elipholileyo eliqengqelekayo ukusuka kwi-12 ″ ukuya kwi-32 ″ ebanzi esetyenziswa njengesiseko semathiriyeli (izinto ezikrwada) kwitoni yezityalo.
I-cylinder ephakamileyo enezitena eziphikisayo (i-refractory) ezisetyenziswa zizixhobo zentsimbi ukunyibilikisa intsimbi esuka kwintsimbi ekrwada.Ithatha igama layo "kumaza othusayo" omoya oshushu kunye neegesi ezinyanzeliswa ngentsimbi yentsimbi, i-coke kunye ne-limestone elayishwe kwi-oven.
Amanyathelo okuqala ukulungiselela umcu ocaba kubasebenzisi bokugqibela.I-blank ishidi lezinto ezinobungakanani obufanayo bangaphandle njengenxalenye enikiweyo, njengomnyango okanye ihood, kodwa ingekagxinwa isitampu.Abavelisi bentsimbi banokubonelela abathengi babo ngokungenanto yokunciphisa iindleko zomsebenzi kunye nokuthutha;intsimbi engaphezulu inokucuthwa phambi kokuthunyelwa.
I-steel semi-finished formwork yecandelo loxande ngaphezu kwe-intshi ezi-8.Eli candelo elikhulu lentsimbi liqhekeziwe kwi-rolling mill ukuvelisa ii-H-beams eziqhelekileyo, ii-H-beams kunye ne-sheet piles.Iintyatyambo nazo ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuvelisa umgangatho ophezulu webar: ukunciphisa i-bloom cross section kuphucula umgangatho wesinyithi.
Ingozi ebangelwe kukuhamba okungalawulekiyo kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo okanye i-slag (okanye zombini) evela kwiziko eliqhumayo ngenxa yokusilela kodonga lwesithando somlilo.
"Intsimi endala" ithelekiswa "nentsimi eluhlaza" (okanye izinto ezintsha ngokupheleleyo).Ukwandisa izinto eziphilayo kuthetha ukongeza kwizinto ezikhoyo.
Imiphetho emihle kakhulu kwincam yemigca evela kwimisebenzi yokusika efana nokusika, ukucheba, ukucheba okanye ukukrala.Ngokomzekelo, xa i-steelmaker isika amacala e-sheet parallel okanye inqumle ibe yimichilo, imida yayo iya kugoba kwicala lokusikwa (jonga i-Edge-rolling).
I-Scrap equkethe iziqeshana kunye nezitampu kwimveliso ye-metallurgical.Eli gama livela kumkhuba wokuqokelela izinto kwiibhasikithi ze-bushel ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Umbhobho oqhelekileyo osetyenziswa kumbhobho.I-carcass evuthayo idlula ngokuqhubekayo kwi-welding rollers, yenza ityhubhu kwaye icinezele imida eshushu ngokumelene nomnye, yenza i-weld eqinile.
IRadian kukutenxa ukusuka kuthi tye komphetho.Ukunyamezela okuvumelekileyo kweli cala lokuphambuka ukusuka kumgca ochanekileyo kuchazwe kumgangatho we-ASTM.
Ikhono eliqhelekileyo lokuvelisa isinyithi kwixesha elithile.Olu luhlu lufanele lubandakanye iimfuno zokugcinwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezo nkonzo zicwangciswe ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zomatshini (kunokuba kwiimfuno zekhalenda), isityalo sinokusebenza ngaphezu kwe-100% umthamo wenyanga kwaye wehle kakhulu.ngokunxulumene nokulungiswa Umthamo ofakiweyo uyenzeka.
Umthamo wethiyori welitye lokusila okanye isinyibilikisi, ngokuxhomekeke kwizithintelo zokubonelela ngesondlo kunye nesantya esiqhelekileyo sokusebenza.
Imiqulu esetyenziswe kakuhle ivumela ukugcinwa kwezixhobo kwaye ibonise imiqobo yempahla yangoku.(Ii-Bottlenecks ekuboneleleni nasekuhanjisweni zitshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko umthamo unyuka okanye uhla.)
Intsimbi equkethe ngokukodwa i-carbon elemental kunye nesakhiwo sayo sixhomekeke kumxholo wekhabhoni.Uninzi lwentsimbi eveliswayo ehlabathini yintsimbi ye-carbon.
Umtya we-casing, oyi-anchor yokwakheka kweendonga zeoli kunye negesi yegesi, ibalwa kwi-75% yokuthunyelwa kwempahla ye-oyile yelizwe le-tubular (ngobunzima).Umbhobho we-casing usetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nomthombo ngokwawo.Iqula ligcinwa ubomi bonke bequla kwaye ayisoloko ikhutshwa xa iqula livaliwe.
Inkqubo yokugalela isinyithi esityhidiweyo kwi-mold ukwenzela ukuba isinyithi esiqinileyo esipholileyo sigcine imilo yokubumba.
Inkqubo yokuphosa ngokuthe ngqo intsimbi etyhidiweyo kwimo yayo yokugqibela kunye nobukhulu ngaphandle kokuqengqeleka okushushu okanye okubandayo.Oku kunciphisa utyalo-mali, amandla kunye neendleko zokusingqongileyo.
Isenzo sokulayisha imathiriyeli kwizikhongozeli.Umzekelo, intsimbi ekrwada, i-coke kunye ne-limestone zilayishwa kwiziko lokuqhushumba, kwaye i-scrap kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo zilayishwa kwiziko le-oksijini.
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zentsimbi, ukuvakalisa umxholo wekhabhoni, i-manganese, isulfure, i-phosphorus kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.
I-alloying element, into ebalulekileyo ekrwada yensimbi engenasici, inika ukuxhathisa ukubola.Ukuba insimbi engenasici ibonakaliswe ngoomatshini okanye ikhemikhali, phambi kweoksijini, ifilimu eyenziwa ngokwemvelo phezu komgangatho wensimbi engenasici iyalungiswa, ikhusela ukubola.
Indlela yokufaka i-coating yensimbi engenasici kwi-carbon okanye i-alloy iron ephantsi (oko kukuthi, insimbi equkethe izinto ezingaphantsi kwe-5%).
1) i-welding steel stainless nge-carbon steel;2) ukugalela isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo esingenasici kwikhabhoni eqinileyo engenanto ekubunjeni;okanye i-3) ukubeka i-carbon steel plate phakathi kwamacwecwe amabini ensimbi engenasici kunye nokuwaqengqa kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kwi-rolling mill.Zidibanise..
Inkqubo yokugquma intsimbi kunye nenye impahla (i-tin, i-chromium kunye ne-zinc), ngokukodwa ukukhusela ukubola.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-11-2023