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Ubonisa ikharawusi yezilayidi ezithathu ngaxeshanye.Sebenzisa amaqhosha angaphambili nalandelayo ukutyhutyha izilayidi ezithathu ngexesha, okanye sebenzisa amaqhosha esilayidi ekupheleni ukuya kwizilayidi ezithathu ngexesha.
Ubukho besinyithi obukhutshwa yimitha ye-microwave buyimpikiswano kuba iintsimbi zivutha lula.Kodwa into enomdla kukuba abaphandi bafumene ukuba i-arc discharge phenomenon inika indlela ethembisayo yokwenziwa kwe-nanomaterials ngokuqhekeza iimolekyuli.Olu phononongo luphuhlisa inyathelo elinye kodwa indlela yokwenziwa efikelelekayo edibanisa ukufudumeza kwe-microwave kunye ne-arc yombane ukuguqula ioyile yesundu ekrwada ibe yimagnethi ye-nanocarbon (MNC), enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenye indlela entsha yokuveliswa kweoli yesundu.Ibandakanya ukudityaniswa kwesixhobo esinenxeba elisisigxina lensimbi engenasici (i-dielectric medium) kunye ne-ferrocene (i-catalyst) phantsi kweemeko ezingenasici.Le ndlela ibonakaliswe ngempumelelo ukufudumeza kwiqondo lokushisa ukusuka kwi-190.9 ukuya kwi-472.0 ° C kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo okudibanisa (10-20 min).Ii-MNCs ezisandula ukulungiselelwa zibonise iingqukuva ezinobungakanani obuyi-20.38–31.04 nm, isakhiwo se-mesoporous (SBET: 14.83–151.95 m2/g) kunye nomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni esisigxina (52.79–71.24 wt.%), kunye no-D no-G iibhendi (ID/g) 0.98–0.99.Ukuqulunqwa kweencopho ezintsha kwi-FTIR spectrum (522.29-588.48 cm-1) ingqina ngokuxhasa ubukho be-FeO compounds kwi-ferrocene.Iimagnethimitha zibonisa ukugcwala okuphezulu kwemagneti (22.32–26.84 emu/g) kwizinto zeferromagnetic.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MNCs kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kuye kwaboniswa ngokuvavanya umthamo wabo we-adsorption usebenzisa i-methylene blue (MB) yovavanyo lwe-adsorption kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-20 ppm.I-MNCs efunyenwe ngexesha le-synthesis (i-20 min) ibonise ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-adsorption (10.36 mg / g) xa kuthelekiswa nabanye, kwaye izinga lokususa idayi ye-MB laliyi-87.79%.Ke ngoko, amaxabiso eLangmuir akanathemba xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso eFreundlich, kunye ne-R2 malunga ne-0.80, 0.98 kunye ne-0.99 yee-MNCs ezidityaniswe kwi-10 min (MNC10), i-15 min (MNC15) kunye ne-20 min (MNC20) ngokulandelelanayo.Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ye-adsorption ikwimeko eyahlukileyo.Ke ngoko, i-microwave arcing ibonelela ngendlela ethembisayo yokuguqula i-CPO kwi-MNC, enokususa idayi eyingozi.
Imitha yeMicrowave inokutshisa ezona nxalenye zingaphakathi zemathiriyeli ngokusebenzisa imolekyuli yemimandla ye-electromagnetic.Le mpendulo ye-microwave iyingqayizivele kuba ikhuthaza ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufana okufanayo kwe-thermal.Ke, kunokwenzeka ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokufudumeza kunye nokuphucula ukuphendula kweekhemikhali2.Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yexesha elifutshane lokusabela, i-reaction microwave ekugqibeleni inokuvelisa iimveliso zococeko oluphezulu kunye nesivuno esikhulu3,4.Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezimangalisayo, imitha ye-microwave iququzelela umdla we-microwave syntheses esetyenziswa kwizifundo ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-nanomaterials5,6.Ngethuba lokufudumeza, iipropati ze-dielectric zomamkeli ngaphakathi kwinqanaba eliphakathi zidlala indima ecacileyo, ekubeni idala indawo eshushu phakathi, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-nanocarbons kunye ne-morphologies eyahlukeneyo kunye neempawu.Uphononongo olwenziwe ngu-Omoriyekomwan et al.Ukuveliswa kwee-nanofibers zekhabhoni ezingenanto ezivela kwiinkozo zesundu kusetyenziswa ikhabhoni esebenzayo kunye nenitrogen8.Ukongeza, uFu kunye noHamid banqume ukusetyenziswa kwe-catalyst yokuveliswa kwe-oyile ye-palm fiber esebenzayo ikhabhoni kwi-oven microwave engama-350 W9.Ke ngoko, indlela efanayo inokusetyenziselwa ukuguqula ioyile ekrwada yesundu ibe yi-MNCs ngokuzisa ii-scavenger ezifanelekileyo.
Isenzeko esinomdla siye sabonwa phakathi kwemitha ye-microwave kunye neentsimbi ezinencam ezibukhali, amachaphaza okanye izitenxo ezincinci10.Ubukho bezi zinto zimbini buya kuchaphazeleka yi-arc yombane okanye i-spark (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-arc discharge)11,12.I-arc iya kukhuthaza ukubunjwa kweendawo ezishushu zengingqi kunye nefuthe lokuphendula, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kokusingqongileyo13.Le nto ikhethekileyo kunye nenomdla inomdla kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokususa ukungcola14,15, i-biomass tar cracking16, i-microwave incedise i-pyrolysis17,18 kunye ne-material synthesis19,20,21.
Kutshanje, ii-nanocarbons ezifana ne-carbon nanotubes, i-carbon nanospheres, kunye nokuguqulwa okuncitshisiweyo kwe-graphene oxide ziye zatsala ingqalelo ngenxa yeempawu zazo.Ezi nanocarbons zibambe amandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa ukusuka kwimveliso yamandla ukuya ekucocweni kwamanzi okanye ukungcoliswa23.Ukongeza, iipropathi ezigqwesileyo zekhabhoni ziyafuneka, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iipropathi ezintle zamagnetic ziyafuneka.Oku kuluncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi emininzi ebandakanya ukufakwa okuphezulu kwee-ion zetsimbi kunye nedayi kunyango lwamanzi amdaka, izilungisi zemagnethi kwi-biofuels kunye ne-absorpser ephezulu ye-microwave24,25,26,27,28.Kwangaxeshanye, ezi khabhoni zinenye inzuzo, kubandakanya ukonyuka komphezulu wendawo yesampulu esebenzayo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando kwizinto ze-nanocarbon zemagneti ziye zanda.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi nanocarbons ezinozibuthe zizinto ezinemisebenzi emininzi eziqulethe imathiriyeli yemagnethi enanosized enokubangela ukuba izinto zangaphandle zisabele, ezifana ne-electrostatic yangaphandle okanye imagnethi etshintshanayo29.Ngenxa yeempawu zabo zamagnetic, i-nanocarbons yamagnetic inokudibaniswa kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezithako ezisebenzayo kunye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokumisa i-immobilization30.Ngeli xesha, iinanocarbons zemagnethi (MNCs) zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle ekubhengezeni ungcoliseko oluvela kwizisombululo ezinamanzi.Ukongeza, indawo ephezulu ephezulu kunye neepores ezenziwe kwii-MNCs zinokunyusa umthamo we-adsorption31.Izahluli zemagnethi zinokwahlula ii-MNCs kwizisombululo ezisebenza kakhulu, ziziguqule zibe yi-sorbent esebenzayo nelawulekayo32.
Abaphandi abaninzi baye babonisa ukuba umgangatho ophezulu we-nanocarbons unokuveliswa ngokusebenzisa ioli yesundu eluhlaza33,34.Ioli yesundu, eyaziwa njenge Elais Guneensis ngokwenzululwazi, ithathwa njengenye yee-oyile ezityiwayo ezinemveliso emalunga ne-76.55 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-202135. Ioli yesundu ekrwada okanye iCPO iqulethe umlinganiselo olungelelanisiweyo we-unsaturated fatty acids (EFAs) kunye ne-saturated fatty acids. (Igunya lezeMali laseSingapore).Uninzi lwe-hydrocarbons kwi-CPO yi-triglycerides, i-glyceride eyenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu e-acetate ye-triglyceride kunye ne-glycerol component36.Ezi hydrocarbons zingenziwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yesiqulatho sekhabhoni enkulu, nto leyo ezenza zibe ngasemva kokuluhlaza kwimveliso ye-nanocarbon37.Ngokutsho kweencwadi, i-CNT37,38,39,40, i-carbon nanospheres33,41 kunye ne-graphene34,42,43 zidla ngokuxutywa kusetyenziswa ioli yesundu ekrwada okanye ioli edliwayo.Ezi nanocarbons zinamandla amakhulu kwizicelo ukusuka ekuveliseni amandla ukuya ekuhlanjululweni kwamanzi okanye ukucocwa.
I-Thermal synthesis efana ne-CVD38 okanye i-pyrolysis33 ibe yindlela efanelekileyo yokubola kweoli yesundu.Ngelishwa, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwinkqubo yonyusa ixabiso lemveliso.Ukuvelisa izinto ezithandwayo 44 kufuna ixesha elide, iinkqubo ezidinayo kunye neendlela zokucoca.Nangona kunjalo, imfuno yokwahlula ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokuqhekeka ayinakuphikiswa ngenxa yokuzinza okuhle kweoli yesundu ekrwada kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu45.Ke ngoko, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu asafuneka ukuguqula ioyile yesundu ekrwada ibe zizinto zekhabhoni.I-arc ye-liquid inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyona ndlela ingcono kunye nendlela entsha yokwenza i-nanocarbon magnetic 46.Le ndlela inika amandla ngokuthe ngqo kwi-precursors kunye nezisombululo kumazwe anemincili kakhulu.Ukukhutshwa kwe-arc kunokubangela ukuba iibhondi zekhabhoni kwioli yesundu ekrwada ziphuke.Nangona kunjalo, isithuba se-electrode esisetyenzisiweyo sinokudinga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo, eziya kuthi zithintele isikali soshishino, ngoko ke indlela esebenzayo isafuna ukuphuhliswa.
Ngokolwazi lwethu, uphando malunga nokukhutshwa kwe-arc usebenzisa ii-microwaves njengendlela yokwenza ii-nanocarbons zilinganiselwe.Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusetyenziswa kweoli yesundu ekrwada njenge-precursor akukhange kuhlolwe ngokupheleleyo.Ngoko ke, olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa i-nanocarbons yamagnetic ukusuka kwi-precursors yeoli yesundu ekrwada usebenzisa i-arc yombane usebenzisa i-oven microwave.Ubuninzi beoli yesundu kufuneka bubonakaliswe kwiimveliso ezintsha kunye nokusetyenziswa.Le ndlela intsha yokusulungekiswa kweoli yesundu inokunceda ukukhulisa icandelo lezoqoqosho kwaye ibe ngomnye umthombo wengeniso kubavelisi beoli yesundu, ingakumbi amafama amancinane amasimi eoli yesundu.Ngokophononongo lwamafama asakhasayo ase-Afrika olwenziwa ngu-Ayompe et al., abalimi abancinci bafumana imali eyongezelelekileyo kuphela ukuba bazilungisa ngokwabo amaqela eziqhamo ezitsha kwaye bathengise ioli yesundu ekrwada kunokuba bayithengisele abantu abaphakathi, nto leyo ebiza imali eninzi kwaye ngumsebenzi odinisayo47.Kwangaxeshanye, ukonyuka kokuvalwa kwefektri ngenxa ye-COVID-19 kuchaphazele iimveliso zokusetyenziswa kweoli yesundu.Okubangela umdla kukuba, njengoko uninzi lwamakhaya lufikelela kwii-oveni ze-microwave kwaye indlela ecetywayo kolu phononongo inokuthathwa njengenokwenzeka kwaye ifikeleleke, imveliso ye-MNC inokuthathwa njengenye indawo kumasimi amancinane eoli yesundu.Ngeli xesha, kumlinganiselo omkhulu, iinkampani zinokutyala imali kwii-reactors ezinkulu ukuvelisa ii-TNC ezinkulu.
Olu phononongo lubandakanya ikakhulu inkqubo yokudibanisa kusetyenziswa intsimbi engenasici njengesixhobo sombane kangangexesha elahlukeneyo.Uninzi lwezifundo ngokubanzi zisebenzisa ii-microwaves kunye neenanocarbons zibonisa ixesha elamkelekileyo lokudityaniswa kwemizuzu engama-30 okanye ngaphezulu33,34.Ukuze kuxhaswe umbono onokwenzeka nofikelelekayo, olu phononongo lujolise ekufumaneni ii-MNCs ezinamaxesha angaphantsi komndilili wokudibanisa.Kwangaxeshanye, uphononongo lupeyinta umfanekiso wokulungela itekhnoloji kwinqanaba le-3 njengoko ithiyori ibonakaliswe kwaye iphunyezwe kwinqanaba lebhubhoratri.Kamva, iziphumo ze-MNCs zaye zaphawulwa ngeempawu zazo zomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye nemagnethi.I-Methylene blue yasetyenziswa ukubonisa amandla e-adsorption yeziphumo ze-MNCs.
Ioli yesundu ekrwada yafunyanwa kwi-Apas Balung Mill, eSawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, kwaye isetyenziswa njengesandulela sekhabhoni yokwenziwa.Kule meko, intambo yensimbi engenasici kunye nobubanzi be-0.90 mm isetyenziswe njenge-dielectric medium.I-Ferrocene (ukuhlanjululwa kwe-99%), efunyenwe kwi-Sigma-Aldrich, eU.SA, yakhethwa njenge-catalyst kulo msebenzi.I-Methylene blue (i-Bendosen, i-100 g) yaphinda yasetyenziselwa imifuniselo ye-adsorption.
Kolu phononongo, i-oven microwave yasekhaya (i-Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) yaguqulwa yaba yi-reactor microwave.Kwenziwa imingxunya emithathu kwindawo ephezulu ye-oven microwave yokungena kunye nokuphuma kwegesi kunye ne-thermocouple.Iiprobes ze-thermocouple zifakwe kwiityhubhu ze-ceramic kwaye zibekwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zovavanyo ngalunye lokuthintela iingozi.Okwangoku, i-reactor yeglasi ye-borosilicate enesiciko semingxuma emithathu yayisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela iisampulu kunye ne-trachea.Umzobo weskim sereactor ye-microwave unokubhekiswa kuwo kuMzobo owoNgezelelweyo woku-1.
Ukusebenzisa i-oyile yesundu ekrwada njenge-carbon precursor kunye ne-ferrocene njenge-catalyst, iinanocarbons ezinozibuthe zenziwe zadityaniswa.Malunga ne-5% ngobunzima be-ferrocene catalyst yalungiswa ngendlela ye-slurry catalyst.I-Ferrocene ixutywe kunye ne-20 ml yeoli yesundu ekrwada kwi-60 rpm imizuzu engama-30.Emva koko umxube udluliselwe kwi-alumina crucible, kunye ne-30 cm ubude be-stainless steel wire yahlanganiswa kwaye yafakwa ngokuthe nkqo ngaphakathi kwi-crucible.Beka i-alumina crucible kwi-reactor yeglasi kwaye uyikhusele ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-oven ye-microwave ngesiciko seglasi esivaliweyo.I-nitrojeni yavuthelwa kwigumbi imizuzu emi-5 ngaphambi kokuqala kokusabela ukususa umoya ongafunekiyo kwigumbi.Amandla e-microwave anyuswe ukuya kuma-800W kuba le yeyona mandla iphezulu ye-microwave enokugcina isiqalo esihle se-arc.Ke ngoko, oku kunokuba negalelo ekudalweni kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokwenziwa kwezinto zokwenziwa.Ngaxeshanye, oku kukwaluluhlu lwamandla olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiiwatts zereactions fusion microwave48,49.Umxube watshisa i-10, i-15 okanye i-20 imizuzu ngexesha lokuphendula.Emva kokugqitywa kwempendulo, i-reactor kunye ne-microwave zapholiswa ngokwendalo kwiqondo lokushisa.Imveliso yokugqibela kwi-alumina crucible yayiyi-precipitate emnyama kunye neengcingo ze-helical.
I-black precipitate yaqokelelwa kwaye yahlamba amaxesha amaninzi ngokutshintshana nge-ethanol, isopropanol (70%) kunye namanzi adibeneyo.Emva kokuhlamba nokucoca, imveliso yomiswa ngobusuku kwi-80 ° C kwi-oven eqhelekileyo ukuze ikhuphe ukungcola okungafunekiyo.Imveliso emva koko yaqokelelwa ukuze ibonakaliswe.Iisampulu ezibhalwe MNC10, MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20 zisetyenziselwe ukudibanisa i-nanocarbons yamagnetic kwi-10 min, i-15 min, kunye ne-20 min.
Qwalasela i-MNC morphology nge-emission emission electron microscope okanye i-FESEM (imodeli ye-Zeiss Auriga) kwi-100 ukuya kwi-150 kX yokukhulisa.Ngelo xesha, ukubunjwa kwe-elemental kuhlalutywe yi-X-ray ye-ray-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Uhlalutyo lwe-EMF lwenziwa kumgama wokusebenza we-2.8 mm kunye nombane okhawulezayo we-1 kV.Indawo ethile yendawo kunye nexabiso le-pore le-MNC lilinganiswe ngendlela ye-Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), kuquka i-adsorption-desorption isotherm ye-N2 kwi-77 K. .
I-crystallinity kunye nesigaba se-nanocarbons yamagnetic inqunywe yi-X-ray powder diffraction okanye i-XRD (Burker D8 Advance) kwi-λ = 0.154 nm.I-diffractograms ibhalwe phakathi kwe-2θ = 5 kunye ne-85 ° kwisantya sokuskena se-2 ° min-1.Ukongeza, ubume bekhemikhali bee-MNCs baphandwa kusetyenziswa iFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Uhlalutyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 kunye nezantya zokuskena ukusuka kwi-4000 ukuya kwi-400 cm-1.Ekufundeni iimpawu zesakhiwo se-nanocarbons yamagnetic, i-Raman spectroscopy yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-laser ye-neodymium-doped (532 nm) kwi-spectroscopy ye-U-RAMAN enenjongo ye-100X.
Imagnetomitha engcangcazelayo okanye i-VSM (i-Lake Shore 7400 series) isetyenziselwe ukulinganisa imagnethi yokuzalisa i-iron oxide kwii-MNCs.Ummandla wamagnetic malunga ne-8 kOe wasetyenziswa kwaye amanqaku angama-200 afunyenwe.
Xa kufundwa amandla e-MNC njengee-adsorbents kwiimvavanyo ze-adsorption, idayi ye-cationic ye-methylene blue (MB) yasetyenziswa.I-MNCs (i-20 mg) yongezwa kwi-20 ml yesisombululo se-aqueous ye-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nogxininiso oluqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-5-20 mg / L50.I-pH yesisombululo ibekwe kwi-pH engathathi hlangothi ye-7 kulo lonke uphando.Isisombululo savuselelwa ngomatshini kwi-150 rpm kunye ne-303.15 K kwi-shaker ejikelezayo (iLab Companion: SI-300R).Ii-MNCs ke ngoko zahlulwa kusetyenziswa umazibuthe.Sebenzisa i-spectrophotometer ebonakalayo ye-UV (i-Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) ukujonga ukuxinwa kwesisombululo se-MB ngaphambi nasemva kovavanyo lwe-adsorption, kwaye ubhekisele kwi-methylene blue curve kwi-wavelength ephezulu ye-664 nm.Uvavanyo luphindwe kathathu kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi linikezelwe.Ukususwa kwe-MG kwisisombululo kubalwa kusetyenziswa i-equation jikelele kwisixa se-MC adsorbed kwi-equilibrium qe kunye nepesenti yokususwa.
Iimvavanyo kwi-isotherm ye-adsorption nazo zenziwa ngokuxutywa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo (5-20 mg / l) zesisombululo seMG kunye ne-20 mg ye-adsorbent kwiqondo lokushisa elingaguqukiyo le-293.15 K. mg kuzo zonke ii-MNCs.
I-iron kunye nekhabhoni yemagnethi zifundwe ngokubanzi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.Ezi mathiriyeli zisekwe kwikhabhoni zitsala ingqalelo eyonyukayo ngenxa yeempawu zazo zombane ezibalaseleyo, ezikhokelela kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwephesha ezinokubakho, ngakumbi kwizixhobo zombane kunye nonyango lwamanzi.Kolu phononongo, iinanocarbons zenziwa ngokuqhekeka iihydrocarbons kwioyile yesundu ekrwada kusetyenziswa ukukhutshwa kwemicrowave.I-synthesis yenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-20 min, kwi-fixed ratio (5: 1) ye-precursor kunye ne-catalyst, usebenzisa i-metal current collector (i-SS ejijekileyo) kunye ne-inert ngokuyinxenye (umoya ongafunekiyo ohlanjululwe nge-nitrogen kwindawo. ukuqala kovavanyo).Iziphumo ezibangelwa yi-carbonaceous deposits zifana nomgubo omnyama oqinileyo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Supplementary Fig. 2a.Izivuno zekhabhoni ezincitshisiweyo zazimalunga ne-5.57%, i-8.21%, kunye ne-11.67% ngamaxesha okuhlanganiswa kwemizuzu ye-10, imizuzu ye-15, kunye nemizuzu ye-20, ngokulandelanayo.Le meko ibonisa ukuba amaxesha amade okudibanisa negalelo kwisivuno esiphezulu51-isivuno esiphantsi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yexesha elifutshane lokuphendula kunye nomsebenzi ophantsi we-catalyst.
Ngeli xesha, icebo lobushushu bokudibanisa ngokuchasene nexesha le-nanocarbons elifunyenweyo lingabhekiswa kwi-Supplementary Figure 2b.Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu afunyenwe kwi-MNC10, i-MNC15 kunye ne-MNC20 yayiyi-190.9 ° C, i-434.5 ° C kunye ne-472 ° C, ngokulandelanayo.Kwigophe ngalinye, ithambeka elinyukayo lingabonwa, libonisa ukunyuka okuthe gqolo kweqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi kwi-reactor ngenxa yobushushu obuveliswe ngexesha le-arc yentsimbi.Oku kunokubonwa kwi-0–2 min, 0–5 min, kunye ne-0–8 min ye-MNC10, MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20, ngokulandelelanayo.Emva kokufikelela kwindawo ethile, i-slope iyaqhubeka ijikeleza ukuya kwiqondo eliphezulu lobushushu, kwaye ithambeka liba liphakathi.
Ukuskena i-electron microscopy (i-FESEM) yasetyenziswa ukujonga umphezulu we-topography yeesampulu ze-MNC.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.1, iinanocarbons ezinozibuthe zinesakhiwo semopholoji esahluke kancinane ngexesha elahlukileyo lokwenziwa.Imifanekiso ye-FESEM MNC10 kwifig.I-1a,b ibonisa ukuba ukubunjwa kwee-carbon spheres kubandakanya i-micro- kunye ne-nanospheres edibeneyo kunye ne-nanospheres ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu.Ngaxeshanye, ubukho bamandla e-van der Waals bukhokelela ekudityanisweni kwe-carbon spheres52.Ukonyuka kwexesha lokudibanisa kubangele ubungakanani obuncinci kunye nokwanda kwenani leenkalo ngenxa yokusabela kwexesha elide lokuqhekeka.Kwikhiwane.I-1c ibonisa ukuba i-MNC15 inemilo engqukuva ephantse igqibelele.Nangona kunjalo, iingqukuva ezidityanisiweyo zisenokwenza i-mesopores, ezinokuthi kamva zibe ziindawo ezilungileyo ze-methylene blue adsorption.Kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-15,000 amaxesha kwi-Fig. I-1d ngaphezulu kwee-carbon spheres ingabonwa i-agglomerated kunye nobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-20.38 nm.
Imifanekiso ye-FESEM yee-nanocarbons ezenziweyo emva kwe-10 min (a, b), i-15 min (c, d) kunye ne-20 min (e-g) kwi-7000 kunye ne-15000 amaxesha okukhulisa.
Kwikhiwane.I-1e–g i-MNC20 ibonisa uphuhliso lwemibhobho enezizanjana ezincinci kumphezulu wekhabhoni kazibuthe kwaye iphinda ihlanganise i-morphology ye-magnetic activated carbon53.Iipores ezinobubanzi obuhlukeneyo kunye nobubanzi zibekwe ngokungacwangciswanga kumphezulu wekhabhoni yamagnetic.Ke ngoko, oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni i-MNC20 ibonise indawo enkulu kunye nomthamo wepore njengoko kubonisiwe luhlalutyo lwe-BET, njengoko iipores ezininzi zenziwe kumphezulu wayo kunakwamanye amaxesha okwenziwa.I-Micrographs ethathwe ngokukhuliswa okuphezulu kwamaxesha e-15,000 ibonisa ubungakanani be-particle inhomogeneous kunye nemilo engaqhelekanga, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 1g.Xa ixesha lokukhula linyuswa ukuya kwimizuzu engama-20, ii-agglomerated spheres zenziwa.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, iiflake zekhabhoni eziphothiweyo nazo zafunyanwa kwindawo enye.Ububanzi beenkalo zahluka ukusuka kwi-5.18 ukuya kwi-96.36 nm.Olu qulunqo lunokuthi lube ngenxa yokwenzeka kwe-nucleation eyahlukileyo, eququzelelwa ngukushisa okuphezulu kunye ne-microwaves.Ubungakanani besphere obaliweyo bee-MNCs ezilungisiweyo buphakathi kwe-20.38 nm ye-MNC10, 24.80 nm ye-MNC15, kunye ne-31.04 nm ye-MNC20.Ubungakanani bokusasazwa kweengqukuva kubonisiwe kwifig eyongezelelweyo.3.
Umzobo owongezelelweyo 4 ubonisa i-EDS spectra kunye nesishwankathelo se-elemental composition ye-MNC10, i-MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20, ngokulandelelanayo.Ngokutsho kwe-spectra, kwaphawulwa ukuba i-nanocarbon nganye iqulethe ixabiso elahlukileyo le-C, O, kunye ne-Fe.Oku kungenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-oxidation kunye nokuqhekeka okwenzeka ngexesha elongezelelweyo lokudibanisa.Isixa esikhulu se-C sikholelwa ukuba sivela kwi-carbon precursor, ioli yesundu ekrwada.Okwangoku, ipesenti ephantsi ye-O ibangelwa yinkqubo ye-oxidation ngexesha lokudibanisa.Kwangaxeshanye, i-Fe ibalelwa kwi-iron oxide efakwe kumphezulu we-nanocarbon emva kokubola kwe-ferrocene.Ukongeza, uMzobo owoNgezelelweyo 5a–c ubonisa ukwenziwa kwemephu yeempawu ze-MNC10, MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20.Ngokusekwe kwimaphu esisiseko, kwaqatshelwa ukuba i-Fe isasazwe kakuhle kumphezulu we-MNC.
Uhlalutyo lwe-nitrogen adsorption-desorption lunika ulwazi malunga ne-adsorption mechanism kunye ne-porous structure yezinto.I-N2 adsorption isotherms kunye neegrafu zomgangatho we-MNC BET zibonisiwe kwiFigs.2. Ngokusekelwe kwimifanekiso ye-FESEM, ukuziphatha kwe-adsorption kulindeleke ukuba kubonise indibaniselwano yezakhiwo ze-microporous kunye ne-mesoporous ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa.Nangona kunjalo, igrafu kwi-Fig. 2 ibonisa ukuba i-adsorbent ifana nohlobo lwe-IV isotherm kunye nohlobo lwe-H2 hysteresis loop ye-IUPAC55.Olu hlobo lwe-isotherm luhlala lufana ne-mesoporous materials.Ukuziphatha kwe-adsorption ye-mesopores ngokuqhelekileyo kugqitywa yintsebenziswano ye-adsorption-adsorption reactions kunye ne-molecule ze-condensed matter.I-adsorption emilise okwe-S okanye i-S-shaped adsorption isotherms idla ngokubangelwa yi-single-layer-multilayer adsorption elandelwa yinto apho irhasi ijiya ibe sisigaba solwelo kwiipores kuxinzelelo olungaphantsi koxinzelelo lokugcwala kolwelo oluninzi, olwaziwa ngokuba yipore condensation 56. I-Capillary condensation kwi-pores ivela kwiingcinezelo ezihambelanayo (p / po) ngaphezu kwe-0.50.Okwangoku, ubume obuntsonkothileyo bepore sibonisa uhlobo lwe-H2-hysteresis, ebizwa ngokuba yi-pore plugging okanye ukuvuza kuluhlu oluncinci lweepores.
Iiparamitha ezibonakalayo zomgangatho ofunyenwe kwiimvavanyo ze-BET ziboniswa kwiThebhile 1. Ummandla we-BET kunye nomthamo opheleleyo we-pore wanda kakhulu ngokunyuka kwexesha lokudibanisa.Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bepore be-MNC10, MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20 yi-7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, kunye ne-7.8223 nm, ngokulandelanayo.Ngokweengcebiso ze-IUPAC, ezi pores ziphakathi zingahlelwa njengemathiriyeli ye-mesoporous.Ubume be-mesoporous bunokwenza i-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingene lula kwaye ibonakale yi-MNC57.Ixesha le-Maximum Synthesis Time (MNC20) libonise owona mmandla uphakamileyo, ulandelwa yi-MNC15 kunye ne-MNC10.Indawo ephezulu ye-BET inokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-adsorption njengoko iisayithi ezininzi ze-surfactant zifumaneka.
Iipateni ze-X-ray diffraction ye-MNCs edibeneyo iboniswe kwi-Fig. 3. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, i-ferrocene iphinda iqhekeke kwaye yenze i-iron oxide.Kwikhiwane.I-3a ibonisa ipateni ye-XRD ye-MNC10.Ibonisa iincopho ezimbini kwi-2θ, 43.0 ° kunye ne-62.32 °, ezinikezelwe kwi-ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS #39-1346).Ngexesha elifanayo, i-Fe3O4 ine-peak enzima kwi-2θ: 35.27 °.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwi-MHC15 iphethini ye-diffraction kwi-Fig. 3b ibonisa iincopho ezintsha, ezinokuthi zidibene nokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kunye nexesha lokudibanisa.Nangona i-2θ: i-26.202 ° i-peak incinci, iphethini ye-diffraction ihambelana nefayile ye-graphite ye-JCPDS (JCPDS #75-1621), ebonisa ubukho beekristali zegraphite ngaphakathi kwe-nanocarbon.Le ncopho ayikho kwi-MNC10, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi be-arc ngexesha lokudibanisa.Kwi-2θ kukho iincopho ezintathu zexesha: 30.082 °, 35.502 °, 57.422 ° echazwe kwi-Fe3O4.Kwakhona kubonisa iincopho ezimbini ezibonisa ubukho be-ɣ-Fe2O3 kwi-2θ: 43.102 ° kunye ne-62.632 °.Kwi-MNC eyenziwe nge-20 min (MNC20), njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 3c, i-diffraction pattern efanayo ingabonwa kwi-MNK15.Incopho yegraphical kwi-26.382° inokubonwa kwakhona kwi-MNC20.Iincopho ezintathu ezibukhali eziboniswe kwi-2θ: 30.102 °, 35.612 °, 57.402 ° yi-Fe3O4.Ukongezelela, ubukho be-ε-Fe2O3 buboniswa kwi-2θ: 42.972 ° kunye ne-62.61.Ubukho be-iron oxide compounds kwii-MNCs ezibangelwayo zinokuba nefuthe elihle kwisakhono se-adsorb methylene blue kwixesha elizayo.
Iimpawu zeekhemikhali zebhondi kwi-MNC kunye neesampulu ze-CPO zichongwe kwi-FTIR yokubonakalisa imbonakalo kwi-Supplementary Figure 6. Ekuqaleni, iincopho ezintandathu ezibalulekileyo zeoli yesundu ekrwada zazimele amacandelo amane ekhemikhali njengoko kuchaziwe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1. Iincopho ezingundoqo ezichongiweyo kwiCPO yi-2913.81 cm-1, 2840 cm-1 kunye ne-1463.34 cm-1, ebhekisela kwi-CH yokwelula ii-vibrations ze-alkanes kunye nezinye i-aliphatic CH2 okanye amaqela e-CH3.Amahlathi aphakamileyo achongiweyo yi-1740.85 cm-1 kunye ne-1160.83 cm-1.Incopho kwi-1740.85 cm-1 yi-C = O bond eyandiswe yi-ester carbonyl yeqela elisebenzayo le-triglyceride.Okwangoku, i-peak kwi-1160.83 cm-1 yimprint yeqela le-ester eyandisiweyo ye-CO58.59.Okwangoku, incopho kwi-813.54 cm-1 yimpapasho yeqela le-alkane.
Ke ngoko, ezinye iincopho zokufunxa kwioyile yesundu ekrwada zanyamalala njengoko ixesha lokudibanisa lisanda.I-Peaks kwi-2913.81 cm-1 kunye ne-2840 cm-1 isenokubonwa kwi-MNC10, kodwa inomdla ukuba kwi-MNC15 kunye ne-MNC20 iincopho zivame ukunyamalala ngenxa ye-oxidation.Ngeli xesha, uhlalutyo lwe-FTIR yeenanocarbons zemagnethi luveze iincopho zokufunxa ezisandula ukuvela ezimele amaqela amahlanu ahlukeneyo asebenzayo e-MNC10-20.Ezi ncomo nazo zidweliswe kwi-Supplementary Table 1. Incopho kwi-2325.91 cm-1 yi-asymmetric CH stretch of the CH360 group aliphatic.Incopho kwi-1463.34-1443.47 cm-1 ibonisa i-CH2 kunye ne-CH ukugoba kwamaqela e-aliphatic njengeoli yesundu, kodwa i-peak iqala ukuhla ngexesha.Incopho kwi-813.54-875.35 cm-1 yimprint yeqela elimnandi le-CH-alkane.
Okwangoku, iincopho kwi-2101.74 cm-1 kunye ne-1589.18 cm-1 imele i-CC 61 bonds eyenza i-C = C alkyne kunye namakhonkco amnandi, ngokulandelanayo.Incopho encinci kwi-1695.15 cm-1 ibonisa i-C = O bond ye-fatty acid yamahhala esuka kwiqela le-carbonyl.Ifunyenwe kwi-CPO carbonyl kunye ne-ferrocene ngexesha lokudibanisa.Iincopho ezisandul 'ukwenziwa kuluhlu ukusuka kwi-539.04 ukuya kwi-588.48 cm-1 zeze-Fe-O ze-vibrational bond ye-ferrocene.Ngokusekelwe kwiincopho eziboniswe kwi-Supplementary Figure 4, kunokubonwa ukuba ixesha le-synthesis linokunciphisa iincopho ezininzi kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona kwi-nanocarbons magnetic.
Uhlalutyo lweSpectroscopic ye-Raman yokusasazwa kweenanocarbons ezinozibuthe ezifunyenwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-laser yesiganeko enobude obungama-514 nm buboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Yonke imizobo ye-MNC10, i-MNC15 kunye ne-MNC20 iqulathe iibhanti ezimbini ezibukhali ezinxulumene ne-sp3 carbon ephantsi, eqhelekileyo. ifunyenwe kwi-nanographite crystallites eneziphene kwiindlela zokungcangcazela kweentlobo ze-carbon sp262.Incopho yokuqala, ebekwe kummandla we-1333-1354 cm-1, imele i-D band, engathandekiyo kwi-graphite efanelekileyo kwaye ihambelana nokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo kunye nokunye ukungcola63,64.Incopho yesibini ebaluleke kakhulu malunga ne-1537-1595 cm-1 ivela kwi-in-plane bond stretching or crystalline and ordered graphite form.Nangona kunjalo, i-peak ishintshile malunga ne-10 cm-1 xa kuthelekiswa ne-graphite G band, ebonisa ukuba i-MNCs inomyalelo ophantsi we-sheet stacking kunye nesakhiwo esiphosakeleyo.Ukuqina okuhambelanayo kweebhendi ze-D kunye ne-G (ID / IG) zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukucoceka kweekristali kunye neesampuli zegraphite.Ngokohlalutyo lwe-Raman spectroscopic, zonke ii-MNCs zinexabiso le-ID/IG kuluhlu lwe-0.98-0.99, ebonisa iziphene zesakhiwo ngenxa ye-Sp3 hybridization.Le meko inokuchaza ubukho be-2θ ephantsi kakhulu kwi-spectra ye-XPA: i-26.20 ° ye-MNK15 kunye ne-26.28 ° ye-MNK20, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig.I-ID / I-IG MNC ratios efunyenwe kulo msebenzi ikuluhlu lwezinye i-nanocarbons zamagnetic, umzekelo, i-0.85-1.03 yendlela ye-hydrothermal kunye ne-0.78-0.9665.66 yendlela ye-pyrolytic.Ngoko ke, lo mlinganiselo ubonisa ukuba indlela yangoku yokwenziwa inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Iimpawu zemagnethi zeMNCs zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa imagnetometer engcangcazelayo.I-hysteresis ebangelwayo iboniswe kwi-Fig.5.Njengomthetho, ii-MNCs zifumana umazibuthe wazo kwi-ferrocene ngexesha lokudibanisa.Ezi mpawu zongeziweyo zemagneti zinokunyusa umthamo we-adsorption we-nanocarbons kwixesha elizayo.Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMzobo 5, iisampuli zinokuchongwa njengezixhobo ze-superparamagnetic.Ngokutsho kweWahajuddin & Arora67, imeko ye-superparamagnetic kukuba isampulu yenziwe yamagnetic kwi-saturation magnetization (MS) xa kusetyenziswa intsimi yangaphandle yamagnetic.Emva kwexesha, intsalela yentsebenziswano yamagnetic ayisabonakali kwiisampulu67.Kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-saturation magnetization iyanda kunye nexesha le-synthesis.Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-MNC15 ineyona ndawo iphezulu yamandla kazibuthe kuba ukwakheka kwemagnethi eyomeleleyo (imagnethi) inokubangelwa lelona xesha lifanelekileyo lokudityaniswa kubukho bemagnethi yangaphandle.Oku kunokuba ngenxa yobukho be-Fe3O4, eneempawu ezingcono zemagneti xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-oxide zentsimbi ezifana ne-ɣ-Fe2O.Umyalelo we-adsorption moment of saturation ngeyunithi yobunzima be-MNCs yi-MNC15>MNC10>MNC20.Iiparamitha zemagnethi ezifunyenweyo zinikwe kwitheyibhile.2.
Elona xabiso lincinci lokuzaliswa kwemagnethi xa usebenzisa iimagnethi eziqhelekileyo kukwahlulwa kwamagnetic kumalunga ne-16.3 emu g-1.Ikhono le-MNCs lokususa ukungcola okufana nedayi kwindawo yasemanzini kunye nokukhululeka kokususwa kwe-MNCs ibe yimiba eyongezelelweyo ye-nanocarbons efunyenweyo.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-magnetic saturation ye-LSM ithathwa njengento ephakamileyo.Ke, zonke iisampulu zifikelele kumaxabiso okuzaliseka kwemagnethi ngaphezulu kokwaneleyo kwinkqubo yokwahlula kazibuthe.
Kutshanje, iintambo zetsimbi okanye iingcingo ziye zatsala ingqalelo njenge-catalysts okanye i-dielectrics kwiinkqubo zokudibanisa i-microwave.Iintshukumo zeMicrowave zesinyithi zibangela ubushushu obuphezulu okanye ukusabela ngaphakathi kwireactor.Olu phononongo lubanga ukuba incam kunye neconditioned (coiled) ucingo lwentsimbi engenasici luququzelela ukukhutshwa kwemicrowave kunye nokufudumeza kwentsimbi.Intsimbi engatyiwayo ivakalise uburhabaxa kwincam, ekhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu oxinaniso lwentlawulo yomphezulu kunye nentsimi yombane yangaphandle.Xa umrhumo ufumene amandla aneleyo e-kinetic, iinqununu ezihlawulisiweyo ziya kuphuma kwintsimbi engenasici, ebangela ukuba indawo i-ionize, ivelise ukukhutshwa okanye i-spark 68.Ukukhutshwa kwesinyithi kwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwisisombululo sokuqhekeka kweempendulo ezihamba kunye namabala ashushu aphezulu.Ngokutsho kwemephu yeqondo lokushisa kwi-Supplementary Fig. 2b, iqondo lokushisa likhuphuka ngokukhawuleza, libonisa ubukho beendawo ezishushu eziphezulu zokushisa ngaphezu kokukhutshwa okunamandla.
Kule meko, umphumo we-thermal uyabonwa, ekubeni ii-electron ezibophekileyo zibuthathaka ziyakwazi ukuhamba kwaye zigxininise kumphezulu kunye nakwi-tip69.Xa intsimbi engenastainless inxeba, indawo enkulu yesinyithi kwisisombululo inceda ukukhupha imisinga ye-eddy kumphezulu wezinto kwaye igcine isiphumo sokufudumeza.Le meko inceda ngempumelelo ukucalula amatyathanga ekhabhoni amade eCPO kunye neferrocene kunye neferrocene.Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Supplementary Fig. 2b, izinga lokushisa rhoqo libonisa ukuba umphumo wokufudumala okufanayo ubonwa kwisisombululo.
Indlela ecetywayo yokwenziwa kwee-MNCs iboniswe kuMzobo owoNgezelelweyo 7. Amatyathanga ekhabhoni amade e-CPO kunye ne-ferrocene aqala ukuqhekeka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.Ioyile iyaqhekeka ukuze yenze ii-hydrocarbons eziqhekekayo eziye zibe zii-carbon precursors ezaziwa ngokuba ziiglobhu kumfanekiso we-FESEM MNC1070.Ngenxa yamandla okusingqongileyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-71 kwiimeko ze-atmospheric.Kwangaxeshanye, i-ferrocene nayo iyaqhekeka, yenze i-catalyst esuka kwi-athomu ye-carbon efakwe kwi-Fe.I-nucleation ekhawulezayo iyenzeka kwaye i-carbon core i-oxidize yenza i-amorphous kunye ne-graphic carbon layer phezu kombindi.Njengoko ixesha lisanda, ubukhulu be-sphere buchaneka ngakumbi kwaye bufana.Ngaxeshanye, amandla akhoyo e-van der Waals nawo akhokelela kungquzulwano lwee-spheres52.Ngexesha lokunciphisa i-Fe ion ukuya kwi-Fe3O4 kunye ne-ɣ-Fe2O3 (ngokohlalutyo lwesigaba se-X-ray), iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-iron oxide zenziwa kumphezulu we-nanocarbons, okhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-nanocarbons magnetic.Imephu ye-EDS ibonise ukuba ii-athomu ze-Fe zasasazwa ngamandla phezu kwendawo ye-MNC, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso eyoNgezelelweyo 5a-c.
Umahluko kukuba ngexesha le-synthesis yemizuzu ye-20, i-carbon aggregation iyenzeka.Yenza ama-pores amakhulu kumphezulu we-MNCs, ebonisa ukuba ii-MNCs zinokuthathwa njengekhabhoni esebenzayo, njengoko kuboniswe kwimifanekiso ye-FESEM kwi-Fig. 1e-g.Lo mahluko kubungakanani bepore unokunxulumana negalelo le-iron oxide evela kwi-ferrocene.Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu obufikelelweyo, kukho izikali ezikhubazekileyo.Iinanocarbons zemagneti zibonisa iimorphologies ezahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okudibanisa.Iinanocarbons kunokwenzeka ukuba zenze iimilo ezingqukuva ezinamaxesha amafutshane okudibanisa.Ngexesha elifanayo, ii-pores kunye nezikali zifezekiswa, nangona ukuhlukana kwexesha lokudibanisa kuphela kwimizuzu emi-5.
Iinanocarbons zemagneti zinokususa izinto ezingcolisayo kwindawo ehlala emanzini.Ukukwazi kwabo ukususwa ngokulula emva kokusetyenziswa yinto eyongezelelweyo yokusebenzisa i-nanocarbons efunyenwe kulo msebenzi njenge-adsorbents.Ekufundeni iimpawu ze-adsorption ze-nanocarbons magnetic, siye saphanda amandla e-MNCs ukwenza i-decolorize methylene blue (MB) isisombululo kwi-30 ° C ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa kwe-pH.Izifundo ezininzi ziye zagqiba ukuba ukusebenza kwe-carbon absorbents kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-25-40 ° C ayidlali indima ebalulekileyo ekunqumeni ukususwa kwe-MC.Nangona ixabiso le-pH eligqithisileyo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo, iintlawulo zinokwenza kumaqela asebenzayo, okukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-adsorbate-adsorbent interaction kwaye kuchaphazela i-adsorption.Ke ngoko, le miqathango ingentla yakhethwa kolu phononongo kuqwalaselwa ezi meko kunye nesidingo sonyango oluqhelekileyo lwamanzi amdaka.
Kulo msebenzi, umfuniselo we-batch adsorption wenziwa ngokudibanisa i-20 mg ye-MNCs ukuya kwi-20 ml yesisombululo se-aqueous ye-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuqala (5-20 ppm) ngexesha loqhagamshelwano olusisigxina60.Umzobo owongezelelweyo we-8 ubonisa ubume beendawo ezahlukeneyo (5-20 ppm) ze-methylene blue solutions ngaphambi nangemva kokunyanga nge-MNC10, MNC15, kunye ne-MNC20.Xa usebenzisa ii-MNCs ezahlukeneyo, umgangatho wombala wezisombululo ze-MB wehla.Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-MNC20 iguqulelwe ngokulula izisombululo ze-MB kuxinzelelo lwe-5 ppm.Ngeli xesha, i-MNC20 iphinde yehlisa inqanaba lombala wesisombululo se-MB xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-MNCs.I-spectrum ebonakalayo ye-UV ye-MNC10-20 iboniswe kwi-Supplementary Figure 9. Okwangoku, izinga lokususa kunye nolwazi lwe-adsorption luboniswa kwi-Figure 9. 6 kunye nakwitheyibhile 3, ngokulandelanayo.
Amandla e-methylene blue peaks anokufumaneka kwi-664 nm kunye ne-600 nm.Njengomthetho, ubukhulu bencopho buyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuncipha koxinzelelo lokuqala lwesisombululo seMG.Kwi-Fig. 9a eyongezelelweyo ibonisa i-UV-ebonakalayo yezisombululo ze-MB ze-concentrations ezahlukeneyo emva kwonyango kunye ne-MNC10, ethe yatshintsha nje kancinane ubukhulu beencopho.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iincopho zokufunxa izisombululo ze-MB zehla kakhulu emva kokunyangwa nge-MNC15 kunye ne-MNC20, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso eyoNgezelelweyo ye-9b kunye ne-c, ngokulandelanayo.Olu tshintsho lubonwa ngokucacileyo njengoko ukuxinwa kwesisombululo seMG kuncipha.Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwe-spectral oluphunyezwe zizo zonke ezintathu zekhabhoni zamagnetic zazanele ukususa idayi eluhlaza ye-methylene.
Ngokusekelwe kwiThebhile 3, iziphumo zexabiso le-MC adsorbed kunye nepesenti ye-MC adsorbed iboniswe kwi-Fig.Ngeli xesha, ipesenti ye-adsorption okanye ireyithi yokususa i-MB (MBR) ibonise umkhwa ochaseneyo xa ugxininiso lokuqala lonyuka.Kwiindawo ezisezantsi ezisezantsi ze-MC, iisayithi ezingasebenziyo ezingasebenziyo zahlala kumphezulu we-adsorbent.Njengoko i-concentration yedayi isanda, inani leendawo ezingasebenziyo ezisebenzayo ezifumanekayo kwi-adsorption yee-molecule zedayi ziya kuncipha.Abanye baye bagqiba kwelokuba phantsi kwezi meko ukugcwaliswa kweendawo ezisebenzayo ze-biosorption kuya kufezekiswa72.
Ngelishwa kwi-MNC10, i-MBR yanda kwaye yehla emva kwe-10 ppm yesisombululo se-MB.Kwangaxeshanye, kuphela inxalenye encinane kakhulu MG adsorbed.Oku kubonisa ukuba i-10 ppm lolona gxininiso luphezulu lwe-MNC10 adsorption.Kuzo zonke ii-MNCs ezifundwe kulo msebenzi, umyalelo we-adsorption capacities waba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: MNC20 > MNC15 > MNC10, amaxabiso aphakathi ayeyi-10.36 mg / g, 6.85 mg / g kunye ne-0.71 mg / g, ukususwa okuqhelekileyo kwamazinga eMG ibingama-87, 79%, 62.26% kunye ne-5.75%.Ke, i-MNC20 ibonise ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zokubhengeza phakathi kweenanocarbons ezenziweyo zemagneti, kuthathelwa ingqalelo umthamo we-adsorption kunye ne-UV-spectrum ebonakalayo.Nangona umthamo we-adsorption uphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye i-nanocarbons zamagnetic ezifana ne-MWCNT ye-magnetic composite (11.86 mg / g) kunye ne-halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg / g), olu pho nonongo aludingi ukusetyenziswa okongeziweyo kwe-stimulant.Iikhemikhali zisebenza njenge-catalysts.ukubonelela ngeendlela zokwenziwa ezicocekileyo nezinokwenzeka73,74.
Njengoko kubonisiwe ngamaxabiso e-SBET ee-MNCs, indawo ethile ephezulu ibonelela ngeendawo ezisebenzayo ngakumbi zobhengezo lwesisombululo se-MB.Oku kuba yenye yeempawu ezisisiseko zeenanocarbons zokwenziwa.Ngexesha elifanayo, ngenxa yobuncinci be-MNCs, ixesha lokudibanisa lifutshane kwaye liyamkeleka, elihambelana neempawu eziphambili ze-adsorbents ezithembisayo75.Xa kuthelekiswa nee-adsorbents zesiqhelo zendalo, ii-MNCs ezenziweyo zigcwele ngomagnetic kwaye zinokususwa ngokulula kwisisombululo phantsi kwesenzo somhlaba wangaphandle wamagnetic76.Ngaloo ndlela, ixesha elifunekayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yonyango liyancipha.
I-adsorption isotherms ibalulekile ukuqonda inkqubo ye-adsorption kwaye emva koko ubonise indlela izahlulelo ze-adsorbate phakathi kwezigaba zolwelo kunye neziqinileyo xa ukulingana kufikeleleke.I-equations ye-Langmuir kunye ne-Freundlich isetyenziswe njengemilinganiselo ye-isotherm equation, echaza indlela ye-adsorption, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 7. Imodeli ye-Langmuir ibonisa kakuhle ukubunjwa kwendawo enye ye-adsorbate kwindawo yangaphandle ye-adsorbent.Ii-Isotherms zichazwa ngcono njengemiphezulu ye-homogeneous adsorption.Kwangaxeshanye, i-isotherm yeFreundlich ichaza ngcono ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemimandla emininzi ye-adsorbent kunye namandla e-adsorption ekucinezeleni i-adsorbate kumphezulu ongena-homogeneous.
Imodeli ye-isotherm yeLangmuir isotherm (a–c) kunye neFreundlich isotherm (d–f) ye-MNC10, MNC15 kunye ne-MNC20.
I-adsorption isotherms kwindawo esezantsi ye-solute idla ngokuba yi-linear77.Ukubonakaliswa komgca wemodeli ye-isotherm yeLangmuir kunokubonakaliswa kwi-equation.1 Misela iiparamitha ze-adsorption.
I-KL (l/mg) yiLangmuir engaguqukiyo emele umanyano olubophelelayo lwe-MB kwi-MNC.Okwangoku, i-qmax ngowona mthamo we-adsorption uphezulu (mg/g), qe yi-adsorbed concentration ye-MC (mg/g), kwaye i-Ce yi-equilibrium concentration yesisombululo se-MC.Ukubonakaliswa komgca wemodeli ye-isotherm yeFreundlich inokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-16-2023